The impact of intravesical chemotherapy prophylaxis on recurrence of superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder is poorly defined. The objective of this report is to present a meta-analysis of the available clinical trial data to quantify the effect of intravesical chemotherapy on tumor recurrence following complete transurethral resection (TURB) in patients with newly diagnosed superficial bladder cancer. A prospective protocol outlining the above meta-analysis was initially developed followed by a thorough search of the existing published literature using strict eligibility criteria. Eleven randomized trials were found that met protocol specifications. These studies contained data on 3703 patients that were statistically combined using a fixed effects model (Peto). The outcome of interest was the proportion of patients recurring at 1, 2, and 3 years post-TURB. Combining all 11 studies using 1-year recurrence as the outcome measure yielded a Peto odds ratio (ORp) of 0.56, demonstrating a 44% reduction in 1-year recurrence among patients treated with intravesical chemotherapy versus those treated with TURB alone. A statistical test for heterogeneity (Q) showed these data to be heterogenous (the studies are not measuring an effect of the same size). Sensitivity analyses were performed to determine sources of heterogeneity. These tests suggest that chemotherapy treatment schedule may account for the wide variation in tumor recurrence rates across studies. When the available clinical trial data were stratified by duration of treatment, the meta-analysis showed that intravesical chemotherapy decreased tumor recurrence from 30% to 80% depending on the outcome of interest (i.e., recurrence at 1, 2, or 3 years post-TURB). Intravesical chemotherapy appears to have a major impact on decreasing the chance of recurrence of superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. This is in contrast to prior analyses suggesting only modest efficacy in this clinical setting (i.e., on the order of a 14% reduction in recurrence).