zie ook artikelen met Alzheimer in de titel op onze website.

7 augustus 2025: Bron: the Lancet en EOS wetenschap

Fijnstof, stikstofdioxide en roet vergroten het risico op het krijgen van de ziekte van Alzheimer - dementieFijnstof met 17 procent per 10 microgram fijnstof per kubieke meter luchtroet met 13 procent per 1 microgram en stikstofdioxide met 3 procent per 10 microgram. Zo blijkt uit een meta-analyse die onderzoekers van de universiteit van Cambridge uitvoerden. De onderzoekers bundelden ruim vijftig eerdere wetenschappelijke studies en stelden daarmee een database samen met meetgegevens van zo’n 29 miljoen mensen, verdeeld over de Verenigde Staten, Canada, Europa en Azië. Uiteindelijk bleven 32 studies over die voldeden aan de voorwaarden die vooraf waren gesteld.

Uit eerder verzamelde gegevens blijkt dat Vlaanderen en Nederland in een van de sterkst vervuilde gebieden liggen. Vooral de mensen die in de grotere steden wonen en dichtbij autosnelwegen wonen lopen groter risico dan mensen op het platteland bv. Meetresultaten van stikstofdioxide (NO2) in België (zowel actuele als historische waarden) zijn terug te vinden op deze website. De luchtkwaliteit in Nederland is te zien op https://www.luchtmeetnet.nl/. Selecteer daar welke stoffen je wilt inzien.  

EOS wetenschap geeft aandacht aan deze studie en hier een citaat uit hun artikel:

'De wetenschap tast nog in het duister over hoe vervuilende stoffen precies zulke destructieve effecten op het brein kunnen hebben. Wel bestaan er vermoedens. Zo zouden vervuilende stoffen bijvoorbeeld kunnen leiden tot ontstekingen in de hersenen of de stofwisseling kunnen verstoren. Ook is het mogelijk dat ze via de bloedbaan bij de hersenen terechtkomen. Maar om dat te bevestigen, is meer onderzoek nodig.

Voor Esther van den Berg, hoogleraar neuropsychologie aan het Erasmus MC, zijn de resultaten van de Britse studie niet verrassend. Het risico op dementie is het gevolg van een samenspel van allerlei factoren, zegt ze. ‘Een deel daarvan is gebonden aan het individu, zoals iemands leeftijd, genen, gezondheid, en rook- of eetgewoontes. Maar er zijn ook maatschappelijke factoren, zoals de mate van sociale cohesie tussen mensen in bepaalde gebieden. Dat luchtvervuiling daar nu ook bij komt, verbaast me niets.’

Het volledige studieverslag is gratis in te zien of te downloaden, hier het abstract van de studie:

Cover Image - The Lancet Planetary Health, Volume 9, Issue 7

Summary

Background

A rapidly evolving evidence base suggests that exposure to outdoor air pollution is a risk factor for the onset of dementia, with an upturn in publications since 2022. We sought to synthesise and critically assess this evidence base accounting for the latest studies.

Methods

In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Global Health, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection from database inception up to Oct 23, 2023, for primary observational studies of adults (aged ≥18 years) that provided a quantitative analysis of the association between long-term (≥1 year) exposure to outdoor air pollutants and a subsequent physician diagnosis of dementia. When three or more independent studies reported an exposure–outcome pair, effect estimates of the association were extracted and harmonised to a prespecified exposure increment, and included in inverse-variance weighted random-effects meta-analyses. Between-study inconsistency was assessed using the I2 statistic and the Cochran Q test. Study-level risk of bias and confidence in the overall body of evidence were assessed with the Office of Health Assessment and Translation tool, and publication bias was examined. The protocol for this review was registered with PROSPERO, CRD42023414413.

Findings

The search generated 15 619 records, of which 51 studies met the inclusion criteria for data extraction. After excluding studies due to population overlap and missing continuous effect estimates, 32 studies reported on exposure–outcome pairs that met the threshold of three or more studies, and were included in meta-analyses of adjusted effect estimates for incident dementia and/or in subgroup analyses of dementia subtypes. In meta-analyses of incident dementia, we identified a dementia diagnosis to be significantly associated with long-term exposure to PM2·5 (21 studies, n=24 030 527, pooled adjusted hazard ratio (HR) per 5 μg/m3 increase in exposure, 1·08 [95% CI 1·02–1·14]; I2=95%), nitrogen dioxide (16 studies, n=17 228 429, pooled adjusted HR per 10 μg/m3 increase, 1·03 [1·01–1·05]; I2=84%), and black carbon/PM2·5 absorbance (six studies, n=19 421 865, pooled adjusted HR per 1 μg/m3 increase, 1·13 [1·01–1·27]; I2=97%). We found no significant association for exposure to nitrogen oxides (five studies, n=241 409, pooled adjusted HR per 10 μg/m3 increase, 1·05 [0·97–1·13]; I2=44%), PM10 (four studies, n=246 440, pooled adjusted HR per 15 μg/m3 increase, 1·52 [0·80–2·87]; I2=82%), or annual ozone (four studies, n=419 972, pooled adjusted HR per 45 μg/m3 increase, 0·82 [0·35–1·92]; I2=69%), with moderate to considerable heterogeneity between studies in these pooled analyses. Of the 32 studies overall, three (9%) had a probably high risk of bias in one of seven domains; all other studies had ratings of probably to definitely low risk of bias. The overall certainty of evidence of studies in the systematic review was moderate.

Interpretation

This analysis adds to the body of evidence that outdoor air pollutants are risk factors for dementia, indicating that reduced exposure to pollution could reduce dementia rates and stricter air quality standards would likely provide substantial health, social, and economic benefits.

Funding

European Research Council under the Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and the EU’s Horizon Europe Framework Programme.
Research in context

Evidence before this study

Before undertaking this study, we reviewed the existing literature as detailed in our published protocol for this study (Khreis et al. Environ Int 2022; 170: 107596). This review included summarising systematic reviews (2015–22) on long-term outdoor air pollution exposure and risk of dementia, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and motor neuron disease, and engaging in an review of the materials and a non-comprehensive review of the literature, including systematic reviews and meta-analyses, on the associations between various outdoor air pollutants and dementia incidence. We identified key gaps, such as little evidence on nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxides, and black carbon (BC)/PM2·5 absorbance, a paucity of certainty of evidence assessment, and few subgroup or sensitivity analyses to explore the sources of large observed heterogeneity. Additionally, we found that the number of relevant primary studies had markedly increased since the previous systematic review publications. We subsequently developed and published a protocol for an updated systematic review and meta-analysis, which sought to deepen the understanding of the relationship between outdoor air pollution and dementia incidence, expand analyses to additional pollutants, subgroups, and subtypes of dementia, assess study quality and certainty of evidence, address previous inconsistencies, and provide updated estimates.

Added value of this study

Drawing on 32 studies (pooled population, n=26 180 535), this meta-analysis assessed the effect of long-term (≥1 year) exposures to single outdoor air pollutants on the risk of a subsequent diagnosis of dementia and dementia subtypes. Meta-analyses of individual pollutants identified incident dementia to be significantly positively associated with long-term exposure to PM2·5, BC/PM2·5 absorbance, and NO2. Our certainty of evidence assessment indicated a moderate level of certainty across the overall body of evidence. Our risk of bias assessment indicated generally low risk of bias, although three studies that contributed adjusted effect estimates in meta-analyses had probably high risk of bias in one domain. To our knowledge, this study provides the most comprehensive exposure-response estimates to date for use in burden of disease analyses, health impact assessments, and air quality regulation. It is the largest meta-analysis to explore the associations between air pollution and dementia incidence, covering pollutants not previously analysed. Our subgroup analyses by dementia subtype, continent, outcome ascertainment, and exposure assessment methods also provide insights into how evidence strength varies across groups, and highlighted areas for future research.

Implications of all the available evidence

Our findings reinforce and build on existing evidence that long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution is a risk factor for the onset of dementia. Reducing pollution exposure could lower dementia rates, and stricter air quality standards would likely provide substantial health, social, and economic benefits.

Data sharing

Data extracted for this systematic review and meta-analysis will be made available to others (as appendix 2) with publication. The study protocol is already published and accessible. The R code is available to be shared, should others seek to look at it, and may be requested by contacting the corresponding author with a proposal.

Declaration of interests

We declare no competing interests.

Acknowledgments

HK and JW’s time on this study was supported by funding from the European Research Council under the Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement number 817754) and from the EU’s Horizon Europe Framework Programme (grant agreement number 101094639—The Urban Burden Of Disease Estimation For Policy Making). We would like to acknowledge Shazia Absar for her contributions to the initial abstract screening stages of the systematic review.
Editorial note: The Lancet Group takes a neutral position with respect to territorial claims in published tables and text.

Supplementary Material (4)

Supplementary appendix 1
Supplementary appendix 2
Supplementary appendix 3
Supplementary appendix 4

References

Gale, SA ∙ Acar, D ∙ Daffner, KR
Dementia
Am J Med. 2018; 131:1161-1169
GBD 2021 Causes of Death Collaborators
Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Lancet. 2024; 403:2100-2132
GBD 2019
Dementia Forecasting Collaborators. Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Lancet Public Health. 2022; 7:e105-e125
Wolters, FJ ∙ Chibnik, LB ∙ Waziry, R ∙ et al.
Twenty-seven-year time trends in dementia incidence in Europe and the United States: the Alzheimer Cohorts Consortium
Neurology. 2020; 95:e519-e531
Chen, H ∙ Kwong, JC ∙ Copes, R ∙ et al.
Living near major roads and the incidence of dementia, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis: a population-based cohort study
Lancet. 2017; 389:718-726
Cacciottolo, M ∙ Wang, X ∙ Driscoll, I ∙ et al.
Particulate air pollutants, APOE alleles and their contributions to cognitive impairment in older women and to amyloidogenesis in experimental models
Transl Psychiatry. 2017; 7, e1022
Hu, K ∙ Hale, JM ∙ Kulu, H ∙ et al.
A longitudinal analysis of the association between long-term exposure to air pollution and cognitive function among adults aged 45 and older in China
T J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2023; 78:556-569
Carey, IM ∙ Anderson, HR ∙ Atkinson, RW ∙ et al.
Are noise and air pollution related to the incidence of dementia? A cohort study in London, England
BMJ Open. 2018; 8, e022404
Chang, K-H ∙ Chang, M-Y ∙ Muo, C-H ∙ et al.
Increased risk of dementia in patients exposed to nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide: a population-based retrospective cohort study
PLoS One. 2014; 9, e103078
Livingston, G ∙ Huntley, J ∙ Liu, KY ∙ et al.
Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission
Lancet. 2024; 404:572-628
Tang, J ∙ Chen, A ∙ He, F ∙ et al.
Association of air pollution with dementia: a systematic review with meta-analysis including new cohort data from China
Environ Res. 2023; 223, 115048
Power, MC ∙ Adar, SD ∙ Yanosky, JD ∙ et al.
Exposure to air pollution as a potential contributor to cognitive function, cognitive decline, brain imaging, and dementia: a systematic review of epidemiologic research
Neurotoxicology. 2016; 56:235-253
Fu, P ∙ Guo, X ∙ Cheung, FMH ∙ et al.
The association between PM2·5 exposure and neurological disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Sci Total Environ. 2019; 655:1240-1248
Zhao, Y-L ∙ Qu, Y ∙ Ou, Y-N ∙ et al.
Environmental factors and risks of cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Ageing Res Rev. 2021; 72, 101504
Tsai, T-L ∙ Lin, Y-T ∙ Hwang, B-F ∙ et al.
Fine particulate matter is a potential determinant of Alzheimer’s disease: a systemic review and meta-analysis
Environ Res. 2019; 177, 108638
Peters, R ∙ Mudway, I ∙ Booth, A ∙ et al.
Putting fine particulate matter and dementia in the wider context of noncommunicable disease: where are we now and what should we do next: a systematic review
Neuroepidemiology. 2021; 55:253-265
Weuve, J ∙ Bennett, EE ∙ Ranker, L ∙ et al.
Exposure to air pollution in relation to risk of dementia and related outcomes: an updated systematic review of the epidemiological literature
Environ Health Perspect. 2021; 129, 96001
Abolhasani, E ∙ Hachinski, V ∙ Ghazaleh, N ∙ et al.
Air pollution and incidence of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Neurology. 2023; 100:e242-e254
Wilker, EH ∙ Osman, M ∙ Weisskopf, MG
Ambient air pollution and clinical dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis
BMJ. 2023; 381, e071620
Cristaldi, A ∙ Fiore, M ∙ Oliveri Conti, G ∙ et al.
Possible association between PM2·5 and neurodegenerative diseases: a systematic review
Environ Res. 2022; 208, 112581
Savva, GM ∙ Wharton, SB ∙ Ince, PG ∙ et al.
and the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. Age, neuropathology, and dementia
N Engl J Med. 2009; 360:2302-2309
Kalaria, R
Similarities between Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia
J Neurol Sci. 2002; 203–204:29-34
Khreis, H ∙ Bredell, C ∙ Wai Fung, K ∙ et al.
Impact of long-term air pollution exposure on incidence of neurodegenerative diseases: a protocol for a systematic review and exposure-response meta-analysis
Environ Int. 2022; 170, 107596
Gallis, JA ∙ Turner, EL
Relative measures of association for binary outcomes: challenges and recommendations for the global health researcher
Ann Glob Health. 2019; 85:137
DerSimonian, R ∙ Laird, N
Meta-analysis in clinical trials
Control Clin Trials. 1986; 7:177-188
National Toxicology Program
Office of Health Assessment and Translation. Handbook for conducting a literature-based health assessment using OHAT approach for systematic review and evidence integration. Research Triangle Park, NC
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences,. 2019;
Bender, R ∙ Friede, T ∙ Koch, A ∙ et al.
Methods for evidence synthesis in the case of very few studies
Res Synth Methods. 2018; 9:382-392
Wood, D ∙ Evangelopoulos, D ∙ Beevers, S ∙ et al.
Exposure to ambient air pollution and the incidence of dementia in the elderly of England: the ELSA cohort
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022; 19, 15889
Trevenen, ML ∙ Heyworth, J ∙ Almeida, OP ∙ et al.
Ambient air pollution and risk of incident dementia in older men living in a region with relatively low concentrations of pollutants: The Health in Men Study
Environ Res. 2022; 215, 114349
Parra, KL ∙ Alexander, GE ∙ Raichlen, DA ∙ et al.
Exposure to air pollution and risk of incident dementia in the UK Biobank
Environ Res. 2022; 209, 112895
Dimakakou, E ∙ Johnston, HJ ∙ Streftaris, G ∙ et al.
Is environmental and occupational particulate air pollution exposure related to type-2 diabetes and dementia? A cross-sectional analysis of the UK Biobank
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17:9581
He, F ∙ Tang, J ∙ Zhang, T ∙ et al.
Impact of air pollution exposure on the risk of Alzheimer’s disease in China: a community-based cohort study
Environ Res. 2022; 205, 112318
Ilango, SD ∙ Chen, H ∙ Hystad, P ∙ et al.
The role of cardiovascular disease in the relationship between air pollution and incident dementia: a population-based cohort study
Int J Epidemiol. 2020; 49:36-44
Mukadam, N ∙ Marston, L ∙ Lewis, G ∙ et al.
Risk factors, ethnicity and dementia: a UK Biobank prospective cohort study of White, south Asian and Black participants
PLoS One. 2022; 17, e0275309
Li, J ∙ Wang, Y ∙ Steenland, K ∙ et al.
Long-term effects of PM2·5 components on incident dementia in the northeastern United States
Innovation (Camb). 2022; 3, 100208
Raichlen, DA ∙ Furlong, M ∙ Klimentidis, YC ∙ et al.
Association of physical activity with incidence of dementia is attenuated by air pollution
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2022; 54:1131-1138
Ma, H ∙ Li, X ∙ Zhou, T ∙ et al.
Long-term exposure to low-level air pollution, genetic susceptibility and risk of dementia
Int J Epidemiol. 2023; 52:738-748
Yuan, S ∙ Huang, X ∙ Zhang, L ∙ et al.
Associations of air pollution with all-cause dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and vascular dementia: a prospective cohort study based on 437 932 participants from the UK biobank
Front Neurosci. 2023; 17, 1216686
Ran, J ∙ Zhang, Y ∙ Han, L ∙ et al.
The joint association of physical activity and fine particulate matter exposure with incident dementia in elderly Hong Kong residents
Environ Int. 2021; 156, 106645
Chen, G-C ∙ Nyarko Hukportie, D ∙ Wan, Z ∙ et al.
The association between exposure to air pollution and dementia incidence: the modifying effect of smoking
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2023; 78:2309-2317
Andersson, J ∙ Oudin, A ∙ Sundström, A ∙ et al.
Road traffic noise, air pollution, and risk of dementia—results from the Betula project
Environ Res. 2018; 166:334-339
Xie, J ∙ Lu, C
Is there a casual relation between air pollution and dementia?
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023; 30:23248-23262
Zhang, B ∙ Weuve, J ∙ Langa, KM ∙ et al.
Comparison of particulate air pollution from different emission sources and incident dementia in the US
JAMA Intern Med. 2023; 183:1080-1089
Li, C-Y ∙ Li, C-H ∙ Martini, S ∙ et al.
Association between air pollution and risk of vascular dementia: a multipollutant analysis in Taiwan
Environ Int. 2019; 133, 105233
Shim, J-I ∙ Byun, G ∙ Lee, J-TT
Long-term exposure to particulate matter and risk of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia in Korea: a national population-based cohort study
Environ Health. 2023; 22:35
Jung, C-R ∙ Lin, Y-T ∙ Hwang, B-F
Ozone, particulate matter, and newly diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease: a population-based cohort study in Taiwan
J Alzheimers Dis. 2015; 44:573-584
Wu, Y-C ∙ Lin, Y-C ∙ Yu, H-L ∙ et al.
Association between air pollutants and dementia risk in the elderly
Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2015; 1:220-228
Oudin, A ∙ Forsberg, B ∙ Adolfsson, AN ∙ et al.
Traffic-related air pollution and dementia incidence in northern Sweden: a longitudinal study
Environ Health Perspect. 2016; 124:306-312
Chen, H ∙ Kwong, JC ∙ Copes, R ∙ et al.
Exposure to ambient air pollution and the incidence of dementia: a population-based cohort study
Environ Int. 2017; 108:271-277
Oudin, A ∙ Segersson, D ∙ Adolfsson, R ∙ et al.
Association between air pollution from residential wood burning and dementia incidence in a longitudinal study in northern Sweden
PLoS One. 2018; 13, e0198283
Oudin, A ∙ Andersson, J ∙ Sundström, A ∙ et al.
Traffic-related air pollution as a risk factor for dementia: no clear modifying effects of APOEϵ4 in the Betula cohort
J Alzheimers Dis. 2019; 71:733-740
Grande, G ∙ Ljungman, PLS ∙ Eneroth, K ∙ et al.
Association between cardiovascular disease and long-term exposure to air pollution with the risk of dementia
JAMA Neurol. 2020; 77:801-809
Paul, KC ∙ Haan, M ∙ Yu, Y ∙ et al.
Traffic-related air pollution and incident dementia: direct and indirect pathways through metabolic dysfunction
J Alzheimers Dis. 2020; 76:1477-1491
Smargiassi, A ∙ Sidi, EAL ∙ Robert, L-E ∙ et al.
Exposure to ambient air pollutants and the onset of dementia in Québec, Canada
Environ Res. 2020; 190, 109870
Yuchi, W ∙ Sbihi, H ∙ Davies, H ∙ et al.
Road proximity, air pollution, noise, green space and neurologic disease incidence: a population-based cohort study
Environ Health. 2020; 19:8
Bagheri, N ∙ Mavoa, S ∙ Tabatabaei-Jafari, H ∙ et al.
The impact of built and social environmental characteristics on diagnosed and estimated future risk of dementia
J Alzheimers Dis. 2021; 84:621-632
Mortamais, M ∙ Gutierrez, L-A ∙ de Hoogh, K ∙ et al.
Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and risk of dementia: results of the prospective Three-City Study
Environ Int. 2021; 148, 106376
Ran, J ∙ Schooling, CM ∙ Han, L ∙ et al.
Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter and dementia incidence: a cohort study in Hong Kong
Environ Pollut. 2021; 271, 116303
Shaffer, RM ∙ Blanco, MN ∙ Li, G ∙ et al.
Fine particulate matter and dementia incidence in the Adult Changes in Thought Study
Environ Health Perspect. 2021; 129, 87001
Shi, L ∙ Steenland, K ∙ Li, H ∙ et al.
A national cohort study (2000–2018) of long-term air pollution exposure and incident dementia in older adults in the United States
Nat Commun. 2021; 12:6754
Sullivan, KJ ∙ Ran, X ∙ Wu, F ∙ et al.
Ambient fine particulate matter exposure and incident mild cognitive impairment and dementia
J Am Geriatr Soc. 2021; 69:2185-2194
Letellier, N ∙ Gutierrez, L-A ∙ Duchesne, J ∙ et al.
Air quality improvement and incident dementia: effects of observed and hypothetical reductions in air pollutant using parametric g-computation
Alzheimers Dement. 2022; 18:2509-2517
Semmens, EO ∙ Leary, CS ∙ Fitzpatrick, AL ∙ et al.
Air pollution and dementia in older adults in the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study
Alzheimers Dement. 2023; 19:549-559
Wang, X ∙ Younan, D ∙ Millstein, J ∙ et al.
Association of improved air quality with lower dementia risk in older women
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2022; 119, e2107833119
Yan, Y-H ∙ Chen, T-B ∙ Yang, C-P ∙ et al.
Long-term exposure to particulate matter was associated with increased dementia risk using both traditional approaches and novel machine learning methods
Sci Rep. 2022; 12, 17130
Yang, L ∙ Wan, W ∙ Yu, C ∙ et al.
Associations between PM2·5 exposure and Alzheimer’s disease prevalence among elderly in eastern China
Environ Health. 2022; 21:119
Younan, D ∙ Wang, X ∙ Gruenewald, T ∙ et al.
Racial/ethnic disparities in Alzheimer’s disease risk: role of exposure to ambient fine particles
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2022; 77:977-985
Andersson, J ∙ Sundström, A ∙ Nordin, M ∙ et al.
PM2·5 and dementia in a low exposure setting: the influence of odor identification ability and APOE
J Alzheimers Dis. 2023; 92:679-689
de Crom, TOE ∙ Ginos, BNR ∙ Oudin, A ∙ et al.
Air pollution and the risk of dementia: the Rotterdam Study
J Alzheimers Dis. 2023; 91:603-613
Ilango, SD ∙ Leary, CS ∙ Ritchie, E ∙ et al.
An examination of the joint effect of the social environment and air pollution on dementia among US older adults
Environ Epidemiol. 2023; 7, e250
Shi, L ∙ Zhu, Q ∙ Wang, Y ∙ et al.
Incident dementia and long-term exposure to constituents of fine particle air pollution: a national cohort study in the United States
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2023; 120, e2211282119
Wang, J ∙ Gao, Y ∙ Lin, Y ∙ et al.
Interactive effects of air pollutants and temperature on incidence of dementia: a prospective cohort study
Environ Res Lett. 2023; 18, 074034
Yu, Y ∙ Su, J ∙ Jerrett, M ∙ et al.
Air pollution and traffic noise interact to affect cognitive health in older Mexican Americans
Environ Int. 2023; 173, 107810
Zhang, Z ∙ Chen, L ∙ Wang, X ∙ et al.
Associations of air pollution and genetic risk with incident dementia: a prospective cohort study
Am J Epidemiol. 2023; 192:182-194
Zhu, Z ∙ Yang, Z ∙ Yu, L ∙ et al.
Residential greenness, air pollution and incident neurodegenerative disease: a cohort study in China
Sci Total Environ. 2023; 878, 163173
WHO
Overview of methods to assess population exposure to ambient air pollution
World Health Organization, Geneva, 2023
Lotrecchiano, N ∙ Barletta, D ∙ Poletto, M ∙ et al.
Comparison of spatial interpolation techniques for innovative air quality monitoring systems
Results Eng. 2023; 17, 100937
Power, MC ∙ Bennett, EE ∙ Lynch, KM ∙ et al.
Comparison of PM2·5 air pollution exposures and health effects associations using 11 different modeling approaches in the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS)
Environ Health Perspect. 2024; 132, 17003
Cheng, S ∙ Jin, Y ∙ Dou, Y ∙ et al.
Long-term particulate matter 2·5 exposure and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Public Health. 2022; 212:33-41
Wharton, SB ∙ Simpson, JE ∙ Ince, PG ∙ et al., and the CFAS
Insights into the pathological basis of dementia from population-based neuropathology studies
Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2023; 49, e12923
Nichols, E ∙ Merrick, R ∙ Hay, SI ∙ et al.
The prevalence, correlation, and co-occurrence of neuropathology in old age: harmonisation of 12 measures across six community-based autopsy studies of dementia
Lancet Healthy Longev. 2023; 4:e115-e125
Emrani, S ∙ Lamar, M ∙ Price, CC ∙ et al.
Alzheimer’s/vascular spectrum dementia: classification in addition to diagnosis
J Alzheimers Dis. 2020; 73:63-71
He, J ∙ Christakos, G ∙ Jankowski, P
Comparative performance of the LUR, ANN, and BME techniques in the multiscale spatiotemporal mapping of PM2·5 concentrations in north China
IEEE J Sel Top Appl Earth Obs Remote Sens. 2019; 12:1734-1747
Cowie, CT ∙ Garden, F ∙ Jegasothy, E ∙ et al.
Comparison of model estimates from an intra-city land use regression model with a national satellite-LUR and a regional Bayesian maximum entropy model, in estimating NO2 for a birth cohort in Sydney, Australia
Environ Res. 2019; 174:24-34
Adam-Poupart, A ∙ Brand, A ∙ Fournier, M ∙ et al.
Spatiotemporal modeling of ozone levels in Quebec (Canada): a comparison of kriging, land-use regression (LUR), and combined Bayesian maximum entropy–LUR approaches
Environ Health Perspect. 2014; 122:970-976
Langan, D ∙ Higgins, JPT ∙ Jackson, D ∙ et al.
A comparison of heterogeneity variance estimators in simulated random-effects meta-analyses
Res Synth Methods. 2019; 10:83-98
Hill, AB
The environment and disease: association or causation?
Proc R Soc Med. 1965; 58:295-300
Bennett, S ∙ Grant, MM ∙ Aldred, S
Oxidative stress in vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: a common pathology
J Alzheimers Dis. 2009; 17:245-257
Heneka, MT ∙ van der Flier, WM ∙ Jessen, F ∙ et al.
Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer disease
Nat Rev Immunol. 2025; 25:321-352
Houldsworth, A
Role of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disorders: a review of reactive oxygen species and prevention by antioxidants
Brain Commun. 2024; 6, fcad356
Jayaraj, RL ∙ Rodriguez, EA ∙ Wang, Y ∙ et al.
Outdoor ambient air pollution and neurodegenerative diseases: the neuroinflammation hypothesis
Curr Environ Health Rep. 2017; 4:166-179
Finch, CE ∙ Thorwald, MA
Inhaled pollutants of the gero-exposome and later-life health
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2024; 79, glae107
Block, ML ∙ Calderón-Garcidueñas, L
Air pollution: mechanisms of neuroinflammation and CNS disease
Trends Neurosci. 2009; 32:506-516
Calderón-Garcidueñas, L ∙ Azzarelli, B ∙ Acuna, H ∙ et al.
Air pollution and brain damage
Toxicol Pathol. 2002; 30:373-389
Calderón-Garcidueñas, L ∙ Kavanaugh, M ∙ Block, M ∙ et al.
Neuroinflammation, hyperphosphorylated tau, diffuse amyloid plaques, and down-regulation of the cellular prion protein in air pollution exposed children and young adults
J Alzheimers Dis. 2012; 28:93-107
Calderón-Garcidueñas, L ∙ Reed, W ∙ Maronpot, RR ∙ et al.
Brain inflammation and Alzheimer’s-like pathology in individuals exposed to severe air pollution
Toxicol Pathol. 2004; 32:650-658
Elder, A ∙ Oberdörster, G
Translocation and effects of ultrafine particles outside of the lung
Clin Occup Environ Med. 2006; 5:785-796
Jankowska-Kieltyka, M ∙ Roman, A ∙ Nalepa, I
The air we breathe: air pollution as a prevalent proinflammatory stimulus contributing to neurodegeneration
Front Cell Neurosci. 2021; 15, 647643
Harmon, AC ∙ Hebert, VY ∙ Cormier, SA ∙ et al.
Particulate matter containing environmentally persistent free radicals induces AhR-dependent cytokine and reactive oxygen species production in human bronchial epithelial cells
PLoS One. 2018; 13, e0205412
Greve, HJ ∙ Dunbar, AL ∙ Lombo, CG ∙ et al.
The bidirectional lung brain-axis of amyloid-β pathology: ozone dysregulates the peri-plaque microenvironment
Brain. 2023; 146:991-1005
Kang, H ∙ Huang, D ∙ Zhang, W ∙ et al.
Pulmonary flora-derived lipopolysaccharide mediates lung–brain axis through activating microglia involved in polystyrene microplastic-induced cognitive dysfunction
Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024; 11, e2404966
Mumaw, CL ∙ Levesque, S ∙ McGraw, C ∙ et al.
Microglial priming through the lung–brain axis: the role of air pollution-induced circulating factors
FASEB J. 2016; 30:1880-1891
Onoda, A ∙ Kawasaki, T ∙ Tsukiyama, K ∙ et al.
Carbon nanoparticles induce endoplasmic reticulum stress around blood vessels with accumulation of misfolded proteins in the developing brain of offspring
Sci Rep. 2020; 10, 10028
de Bont, J ∙ Jaganathan, S ∙ Dahlquist, M ∙ et al.
Ambient air pollution and cardiovascular diseases: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses
J Intern Med. 2022; 291:779-800
Tini, G ∙ Scagliola, R ∙ Monacelli, F ∙ et al.
Alzheimer’s disease and cardiovascular disease: a particular association
Cardiol Res Pract. 2020; 2020, 2617970
Calderón-Garcidueñas, L ∙ Solt, AC ∙ Henríquez-Roldán, C ∙ et al.
Long-term air pollution exposure is associated with neuroinflammation, an altered innate immune response, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, ultrafine particulate deposition, and accumulation of amyloid β-42 and α-synuclein in children and young adults
Toxicol Pathol. 2008; 36:289-310
Watson, AY ∙ Bates, RR ∙ Kennedy, D
Air pollution, the automobile, and public health
National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 1988
Ujimoto, KV ∙ Chapin, FS
Review of human activity patterns in the city: things people do in time and in space
Soc Indic Res. 1975; 2:261-264
Flowerdew, ADJA ∙ Szalai, A
The use of time. Daily activities of urban and suburban populations in twelve countries
Econ J (Lond). 1974; 84:691-694
Mauderly, JL ∙ Samet, JM
Is there evidence for synergy among air pollutants in causing health effects?
Environ Health Perspect. 2009; 117:1-6
Levy, I ∙ Mihele, C ∙ Lu, G ∙ et al.
Evaluating multipollutant exposure and urban air quality: pollutant interrelationships, neighborhood variability, and nitrogen dioxide as a proxy pollutant
Environ Health Perspect. 2014; 122:65-72
Dominici, F ∙ Peng, RD ∙ Barr, CD ∙ et al.
Protecting human health from air pollution: shifting from a single-pollutant to a multipollutant approach
Epidemiology. 2010; 21:187-194
Gu, B ∙ Zhang, L ∙ Van Dingenen, R ∙ et al.
Abating ammonia is more cost-effective than nitrogen oxides for mitigating PM2·5 air pollution
Science. 2021; 374:758-762
Fazakas, E ∙ Neamtiu, IA ∙ Gurzau, ES
Health effects of air pollutant mixtures (volatile organic compounds, particulate matter, sulfur and nitrogen oxides)—a review of the literature
Rev Environ Health. 2023; 39:459-478
Szyszkowicz, M
An approach to represent a combined exposure to air pollution
Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2015; 28:823-830
Chen, X ∙ Gehring, U ∙ Dyer, GMC ∙ et al.
Single- and two-pollutant concentration-response functions for PM2·5 and NO2 for quantifying mortality burden in health impact assessments
Environ Res. 2024; 263, 120215
Knopman, DS ∙ Petersen, RC ∙ Rocca, WA ∙ et al.
Passive case-finding for Alzheimer’s disease and dementia in two US communities
Alzheimers Dement. 2011; 7:53-60
Josey, KP ∙ Delaney, SW ∙ Wu, X ∙ et al.
Air pollution and mortality at the intersection of race and social class
N Engl J Med. 2023; 388:1396-1404
McCarthy, EP ∙ Chang, C-H ∙ Tilton, N ∙ et al.
Validation of claims algorithms to identify Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2022; 77:1261-1271
Liu, J ∙ Clark, LP ∙ Bechle, MJ ∙ et al.
Disparities in air pollution exposure in the United States by race/ethnicity and income, 1990–2010
Environ Health Perspect. 2021; 129, 127005
Woo, B ∙ Kravitz-Wirtz, N ∙ Sass, V ∙ et al.
Residential segregation and racial/ethnic disparities in ambient air pollution
Race Soc Probl. 2019; 11:60-67
Jbaily, A ∙ Zhou, X ∙ Liu, J ∙ et al.
Air pollution exposure disparities across US population and income groups
Nature. 2022; 601:228-233
Wang, P ∙ Cao, JJ ∙ Shen, ZX ∙ et al.
Spatial and seasonal variations of PM2·5 mass and species during 2010 in Xi’an, China
Sci Total Environ. 2015; 508:477-487
Ge, L ∙ Agrawal, R ∙ Singer, M ∙ et al.
Leveraging artificial intelligence to enhance systematic reviews in health research: advanced tools and challenges
Syst Rev. 2024; 13:269
Higgins, JPT
Commentary: heterogeneity in meta-analysis should be expected and appropriately quantified
Int J Epidemiol. 2008; 37:1158-1160









 

Plaats een reactie ...

Reageer op "Luchtvervuiling zoals fijnstof, roet en stikstofdioxide vergroten kans op ziekte van Alzheimer - Dementie blijkt uit meta-analyse van 32 grote studies"


Gerelateerde artikelen
 

Gerelateerde artikelen

Luchtvervuiling zoals fijnstof, >> DunedinPACE hersenscan meet >> Eiwit TDP-43 lijkt belangrijke >> Bloedtest APS2 zou de vroege >> Minder buikvet en meer spiermassa >> Alzheimer - dementie is negen >> Alzheimer - dementie is via >>