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5 november 2024: Bron: Science Direct en PharmaNutrition Volume 28, June 2024 (met dank aan Ton Geurtsen die me dit artikel toestuurde).
Uit een review studie van totaal 125 studies waarvan 34 studies gerelateerd aan blaaskanker blijkt dat groene thee en het extract Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG) een remmend effect heeft op blaaskanker, met name door het stimuleren van het apoptose effect (zelfdoding van beschadigde cellen).
Een klein stukje uit het abstract vertaald:
De primaire bevindingen van de huidige systematische review toonden aan dat Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG) gunstige effecten heeft op blaaskanker via verschillende mechanismen. De resultaten bevestigden substantieel de antitumor-, ontstekingsremmende, antioxidatieve, antiproliferatieve en antiangiogenese-eigenschappen van EGCG. Opmerkelijk is dat Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG) de groei en ontwikkeling van kankercellen verzwakt door apoptose te induceren. De effecten van EGCG op tumorsuppressorgenen waren ook significant, waardoor het de progressie stopt.
Originele tekst: (The primary findings of the current systematic review showed that EGCG possesses favorable effects on bladder cancer through various mechanism pathways. The results substantially confirmed the anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-proliferative, and antiangiogenesis features of EGCG. Of note, EGCG attenuates the growth and development of cancer cells via inducing apoptosis. The effects of EGCG on tumor suppressor genes were also significant, through which it halts the progression).
Het volledige studierapport is onder bepaalde voorwaarden gratis in te zien. Hier het abstract met de referentielijst die de zoektocht opleverde voor blaaskanker en andere vormen van kanker.
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of epigallocatechin gallate on bladder cancer: A comprehensive systematic review
Introduction
- Globally, bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common urological diseases and the ninth most frequently diagnosed cancer, according to a recent report from the International Agency for Research on Cancer and World Health Organization [1].
- BC is the 10th most prevalent malignancy worldwide and is often diagnosed in men over the age of 55 [2].
- The strongest risk factors for BC are cigarette smoking and exposure to occupational or environmental carcinogens [3].
- The majority of cases are superficial urothelial cancer (NMIBC) (80 % of cases), while 20 % of reported cases are classified as muscle-invasive BC (MIBC), which is a more aggressive type of tumor with a high potential for metastasis [1], [4].
- The currently available treatment techniques are effective in many cases, but patients have a poor five-year prognosis [5].
- The efficacy of chemotherapy may be limited by medication toxicity, resistance, and side effects [6].
- Among the various groups of natural products, polyphenols such as lignans, acetylbones, flavonoids, and phenolic acids have shown abnormal antitumor activity [7].
- These phenolic ingredients are considered promising agents for active pharmacological compounds that can support immune performance and protect living cells against free radical damage [8, [9].
- This is because the biochemical mechanisms of action of these compounds include the regulation of signaling pathways and proteins involved in apoptosis, the cell cycle, proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, and adhesion of tumor cells [8, .
- Epigallocatechin-3 gallate (EGCG), the main biphenolic compound found in green tea, is one of the phytochemicals that has recently been used as an adjunctive treatment for cancer .
- Green tea extract contains catechins, including epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, epicatechin, and EGCG. The anticancer effects of green tea are attributed to the polyphenolic compounds present in it, with EGCG having the highest concentration of polyphenols. Recent studies have shown that EGCG can influence several signaling pathways, including apoptosis, cell proliferation, cell motility, migration, and metastasis. [1].
- In this manner, studies have shown that this polyphenol aids in lowering the risk of various malignancies, particularly lung, stomach, and prostate cancers .
- EGCG prevents cancer by impeding the activity of carcinogens .
- EGCG promotes tumor suppression by means of pro-oxidative pathways, relying on the covalent binding of EGCG to antioxidants like glutathione , .
- Subsequently, it generates a certain level of ROS to activate the pre-oxidative pathways and induce cancer cell death , .
- Recently, numerous studies have shown that EGCG significantly reduces the tumor burden in bladder cancer. Metastasis is one of the primary factors contributing to mortality in bladder cancer .
- EGCG diminishes cell migration and adhesion by regulating NF-κB expression .
- The antioxidant properties of this polyphenol safeguard bladder cells from oxidative stress caused by superoxide and alleviate the side effects of chemotherapy .
- According to an in vitro investigation, a low dosage of EGCG regulates the autophagy pathway in bladder cancer cells .
- In another in vitro investigation, the impact of EGCG and mitomycin C in inhibiting intravesical tumor formation was found to be comparable [2].
- Furthermore, the in vivo results showed that EGCG improved the apoptosis induction action of doxorubicin .
- In a clinical trial, it was found that patients with bladder cancer who received EGCG had reduced levels of PCNA, a protein associated with cell growth and metastasis .
- As a result, this polyphenol has been suggested as a potential treatment for various cancers, including bladder cancer.
To our knowledge, no systematic review has ever been conducted to summarize findings on this topic. Therefore, the objective of this study was to perform a comprehensive systematic review to investigate the effects of EGCG in bladder cancer and identify possible new therapeutic targets.
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Section snippets
Search strategy
The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement guideline was used to perform this study [3]. Web of Sciences, PubMed, Embase, Science Direct, Scopus, and Cochrane of sciences electronic databases were searched with no time limitation through October 2022 using the Medical subject headings non-MESH and MESH terms. The keywords were as follows: “epigallocatechin gallate ” OR “Epigallocatechin-3-gallate ” OR “green tea ” OR “catechin
Results
First, two authors independently searched databases for relevant studies in English up until the end of March 2022. Initially, a total of 609 articles were identified from various databases, including 121 from the Web of Science, 88 from PubMed, 124 from Embase, 136 from Science Direct, 215 from Scopus, and 5 from Cochrane. Duplicate studies were then eliminated, leaving 125 articles to analyze the title and abstract. Based on the research topic, 90 studies were considered for further
Discussion
It has been demonstrated that EGCG could prevent tumor formation through several signaling pathways [6]. Almost all in vitro studies have indicated the beneficial effects of EGCG on decreasing the development of bladder cancer. Nonetheless, some in vitro studies showed that EGCG could cause cytotoxicity, which mainly acts against cancer cells. Additionally, most studies demonstrated the ability of EGCG to induce apoptosis and attenuate inflammation through various pathways, mostly via the NF-κB
Conclusion
The primary findings of the current systematic review showed that EGCG possesses favorable effects on bladder cancer through various mechanism pathways. The results substantially confirmed the anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-proliferative, and antiangiogenesis features of EGCG. Of note, EGCG attenuates the growth and development of cancer cells via inducing apoptosis. The effects of EGCG on tumor suppressor genes were also significant, through which it halts the progression
Funding source
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Hussein Riyadh Abdul Kareem: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft, Software, Formal analysis, Data curation. Abdulrahman T. Ahmed: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft. Thikra Majid Muhammed: Writing – review & editing. Hiba Muwafaq Saleem: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft, Software. Haitham L. Abdulhadi: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft. Loay H. Ali: Writing – review & editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
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