Helpt u ons aan 500 donateurs?

Lees ook: https://kanker-actueel.nl/studiepublicaties-van-voeding-voedingstoffen-niet-toxische-middelen-en-behandelingen-uit-literatuurlijst-van-arts-bioloog-drs-engelbert-valstar-specifiek-bij-leverkanker-en-leveruitzaaiingen.html

16 april 2018: Bron: Journal of Hepatology, 13 april 2018

In een recent bijgewerkt studierapport wordt een uitgebreid overzicht gegeven van de waarde van zogeheten percutane ablatietechnieken van primaire leverkanker - HCC = hepatocellulair carcinoom. En wat de voordelen zijn en beperkingen en wanneer het beste welke ablatietechniek ingezet kan worden of combinaties daarvan. Eventueel in combinatie met chemotherapie of gedeeltelijke leveroperatie.

Onder die zogeheten percutane ablatietechnieken worden o.a. verstaan RFA - Radio Frequency Ablation, Microwave albation, Cryotherapie c.q. Ultra Sound, IRE - Irevesible electroporation (Nanoknife) of combinaties daarvan eventueel gecombineerd met radio embolisatie (Yttrium-90) of Trans Arteriële Chemo Embolisatie (TACE, PEI).  (Tekst loopt verder onder grafiek)

Large image of Fig. 1.

In de conclusie van dit studierapport schrijven de auteurs dat percutane behandelingen professioneel en veilig kunnen worden toegepast bij de behandeling van primaire leverkanker (HCC). En geldt dit ook voor levertumoren vanuit andere vormen van kanker wanneer er sprake is van geïsoleerde levertumoren. Maar ook schrijven de onderzoekers dat alleen RFA nog altijd eventuele lokale recidieven of recidieven op afstand niet in alle gevallen kunnen voorkomen. 

Inmiddels zijn er verschillende nieuwe ablatie-technieken bijgekomen, evenals nieuwe combinaties van behandelingen om de prognose van de leverkankerpatiënten te verbeteren; De onderzoekers stellen wel dat de resultaten met die nieuwe technieken onderzocht moet worden in gerandomiseerde gecontroleerde studies. Maar ook schrijven zij dat bij levertumoren langdurend placebo gecontroleerd onderzoek niet de meest geëigende manier is van onderzoek omdat levertumoren de neiging hebben snel te groeien als er geen behandeling aanslaat. 

De onderzoekers uit Milaan stellen oook dat elk academisch ziekenhuis dat primaire leverkanker behandeld en/of levertumoren vanuit andere vormen van kanker in principe alle genoemde ablatietechnieken in huis zou moeten hebben zodat er altijd gekozen kan worden tussen de verschillende vormen of combinaties ervan.

Zij schrijven bv.: Over het algemeen moet de kwestie van leverresectie, percutane ablatie en levertransplantatie niet worden gezien als een reden van onenigheid tussen de oncologen / radiologen / chirurgen van welke ablatie de beste zou zijn, maar eerder als een puzzel voor een multidisciplinair team om op te lossen. Dat zal uiteindelijk leiden tot behandelingsvoorstellen voor een veilige curatieve behandeling voor een groot aantal patiënten met primaire leverkanker of levertumoren vanuit andere vormen van kanker.

Bovendien schrijven de onderzoekers gaat de behandeling van grotere tumoren, soms met metastasen of poortaderstrombose, vanuit een in principe curatieve aanpak over in een grijs gebied tussen curatieve en palliatieve percutane behandelingen. Samenwerking en onderling overleg is het beste en dit studierapport kan daaraan bijdragen hopen de onderzoekers.

Het volledige studierapport: Percutaneous treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: State of the art and innovations is gratis in te zien met m.i. uitstekende beschrijvingen van de verschillende ablatietechnieken en de voor- en nadelen van elk van die ablatietechnieken.

Hier het abstract van de studie met referentielijst.

Percutaneous treatments are the cornerstone of hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. This is an excellent review of when each treatment option can be applied and is most effective. It includes the background data for each treatment and different methods of use.

Journal of hepatology: 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2017.10.004

Percutaneous treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: State of the art and innovations

Jean-Charles Nault'Correspondence information about the author Jean-Charles Nault†,

Olivier Sutter

Pierre Nahon

Nathalie Ganne-Carrié

Olivier Séror'

Summary

Percutaneous treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) encompasses a vast range of techniques, including monopolar radiofrequency ablation (RFA), multibipolar RFA, microwave ablation, cryoablation and irreversible electroporation. RFA is considered one of the main curative treatments for HCC of less than 5 cm developing on cirrhotic liver, together with surgical resection and liver transplantation. However, controversies exist concerning the respective roles of ablation and liver resection for HCC of less than 3 to 5 cm on cirrhotic liver. In line with the therapeutic algorithm of early HCC, percutaneous ablation could also be used as a bridge to liver transplantation or in a sequence of upfront percutaneous treatment, followed by transplantation if the patient relapses. Moreover, several innovations in ablation methods may help to efficiently treat early HCC, initially considered as “non-ablatable”, and might, in some cases, extend ablation criteria beyond early HCC, enabling treatment of more patients with a curative approach.

Conclusion

Percutaneous treatments are approaching the age of maturity for the treatment of HCC. Monopolar RFA is still impaired by local and distant tumour recurrence, and several new ablation techniques, as well as new combinations of treatments, have been proposed to improve prognosis; however, they need to be rigorously studied in randomised controlled trials vs. the treatment of reference. However, randomised controlled trials are difficult to perform in such a rapidly moving field. For ablative techniques, completeness of tumour control appears to be the most relevant primary endpoint of efficacy, with the rate of local recurrence and overall recurrence as secondary endpoints. We are no longer simply dealing with one technique of percutaneous ablation (monopolar RFA), but we now have a wide choice of techniques (monopolar RFA, multibipolar RFA, IRE, MWA, cryoablation, etc.) that increase the armamentarium available to curatively treat the maximum number of patients with HCC within Milan criteria. Consequently, a large range of percutaneous ablative technologies needs to be available in each centre dealing with HCC. This increased ability to safely ablate a larger number of patients will avoid the drift from curative to palliative treatment observed in a percentage of patients with HCC within Milan criteria. Moreover, we are also observing a changing paradigm in the role of ablation in the complex discussion of curative treatment. Overall, the question of liver resection, percutaneous ablation and liver transplantation should not be seen as a cause for disagreement, but rather, as a puzzle for a multidisciplinary tumour board, that will lead to propositions for safe curative treatment for a large number of patients while preserving the number of grafts used. Moreover, treatment of larger tumours, sometimes with metastases or portal vein thrombosis, pushes the concept of curative ablation into a grey zone between curative and palliative percutaneous treatment. Finally, hepatobiliary surgeons are implementing training in liver surgery in order to propagate worldwide surgical techniques for safely treating patients with HCC. The same principle should be applied to percutaneous interventional radiology, to train young interventional radiologists, and to test and disseminate new ablation techniques at centres throughout the world.

Conflict of interest

O Seror received personal fees and non-financial support from Angiodynamics, Olympus, and Bayer Schering Pharma and received personal fees from GE as a consultant. N Ganne and P Nahon received personal fees from Bayer Schering Pharma. JC Nault and O Sutter has no conflict of interest to declare.

Please refer to the accompanying ICMJE disclosure forms for further details.

Authors’ contributions

Writing and approval of this review (JCN, OSu, PN, NGC, OSe).

References

  1. De Angelis, R., Sant, M., Coleman, M.P., Francisci, S., Baili, P., Pierannunzio, D. et al. Cancer survival in Europe 1999–2007 by country and age: results of EUROCARE–5-a population-based study. Lancet Oncol. 2014; 15: 23–34
  2. Bruix, J., Reig, M., and Sherman, M. Evidence-based diagnosis, staging, and treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2016; 150: 835–853
  3. Trinchet, J.C., Chaffaut, C., Bourcier, V., Degos, F., Henrion, J., Fontaine, H. et al. Ultrasonographic surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: a randomized trial comparing 3- and 6-month periodicities. Hepatology. 2011; 54: 1987–1997
  4. Forner, A., Llovet, J.M., and Bruix, J. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet. 2012; 379: 1245–1255
  5. Mazzaferro, V., Lencioni, R., and Majno, P. Early hepatocellular carcinoma on the procrustean bed of ablation, resection, and transplantation. Semin Liver Dis. 2014; 34: 415–426
  6. Hocquelet, A., Seror, O., Blanc, J.F., Frulio, N., Salut, C., Nault, J.C. et al. Transarterial chemoembolization for early stage hepatocellular carcinoma decrease local tumor control and overall survival compared to radiofrequency ablation. Oncotarget. 2017; 8: 32190–32200
  7. Breen, D.J. and Lencioni, R. Image-guided ablation of primary liver and renal tumours. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2015; 12: 175–186
  8. Seror, O. Ablative therapies: Advantages and disadvantages of radiofrequency, cryotherapy, microwave and electroporation methods, or how to choose the right method for an individual patient?. Diagn Interv Imag. 2015; 96: 617–624
  9. Lu, D.S., Raman, S.S., Limanond, P., Aziz, D., Economou, J., Busuttil, R. et al. Influence of large peritumoral vessels on outcome of radiofrequency ablation of liver tumors. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2003; 14: 1267–1274
  10. Kang, T.W., Lim, H.K., Lee, M.W., Kim, Y.S., Rhim, H., Lee, W.J. et al. Aggressive intrasegmental recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after radiofrequency ablation: risk factors and clinical significance. Radiology. 2015; 276: 274–285
  11. Cho, Y.K., Rhim, H., Ahn, Y.S., Kim, M.Y., and Lim, H.K. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma using multitined expandable electrodes: comparison of subcapsular and nonsubcapsular tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006; 186: S269–S274
  12. Seror, O., N'Kontchou, G., Van Nhieu, J.T., Rabahi, Y., Nahon, P., Laurent, A. et al. Histopathologic comparison of monopolar versus no-touch multipolar radiofrequency ablation to treat hepatocellular carcinoma within Milan criteria. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2014; 25: 599–607
  13. Seror, O., N'Kontchou, G., Tin-Tin-Htar, M., Barrucand, C., Ganne, N., Coderc, E. et al. Radiofrequency ablation with internally cooled versus perfused electrodes for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2008; 19: 718–724
  14. Huang, S., Yu, J., Liang, P., Yu, X., Cheng, Z., Han, Z. et al. Percutaneous microwave ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma adjacent to large vessels: a long-term follow-up. Eur J Radiol. 2014; 83: 552–558
  15. Lin, S.M., Lin, C.J., Lin, C.C., Hsu, C.W., and Chen, Y.C. Radiofrequency ablation improves prognosis compared with ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma < or =4 cm. Gastroenterology. 2004; 127: 1714–1723
  16. Lin, S.M., Lin, C.J., Lin, C.C., Hsu, C.W., and Chen, Y.C. Randomised controlled trial comparing percutaneous radiofrequency thermal ablation, percutaneous ethanol injection, and percutaneous acetic acid injection to treat hepatocellular carcinoma of 3 cm or less. Gut. 2005; 54: 1151–1156
  17. Shiina, S., Teratani, T., Obi, S., Sato, S., Tateishi, R., Fujishima, T. et al. A randomized controlled trial of radiofrequency ablation with ethanol injection for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2005; 129: 122–130
  18. Lencioni, R.A., Allgaier, H.P., Cioni, D., Olschewski, M., Deibert, P., Crocetti, L. et al. Small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: randomized comparison of radio-frequency thermal ablation versus percutaneous ethanol injection. Radiology. 2003; 228: 235–240
  19. Brunello, F., Veltri, A., Carucci, P., Pagano, E., Ciccone, G., Moretto, P. et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus ethanol injection for early hepatocellular carcinoma: A randomized controlled trial. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2008; 43: 727–735
  20. Orlando, A., Leandro, G., Olivo, M., Andriulli, A., and Cottone, M. Radiofrequency thermal ablation vs. percutaneous ethanol injection for small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009; 104: 514–524
  21. Cho, Y.K., Kim, J.K., Kim, M.Y., Rhim, H., and Han, J.K. Systematic review of randomized trials for hepatocellular carcinoma treated with percutaneous ablation therapies. Hepatology. 2009; 49: 453–459
  22. EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2012; 56: 908–943
  23. Omata, M., Lesmana, L.A., Tateishi, R., Chen, P.J., Lin, S.M., Yoshida, H. et al. Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver consensus recommendations on hepatocellular carcinoma. Hep Intl. 2010; 4: 439–474
  24. Bruix, J. and Sherman, M. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology. 2011; 53: 1020–1022
  25. Cillo, U., Vitale, A., Dupuis, D., Corso, S., Neri, D., D'Amico, F. et al. Laparoscopic ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients unsuitable for liver resection or percutaneous treatment: a cohort study. PLoS One. 2013; 8: e57249
  26. Tanaka, S., Shimada, M., Shirabe, K., Taketomi, A., Maehara, S., Tsujita, E. et al. Surgical radiofrequency ablation for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: an endoscopic or open approach. Hepatogastroenterology. 2009; 56: 1169–1173
  27. Kasugai, H., Osaki, Y., Oka, H., Kudo, M., Seki, T., and Osaka Liver Cancer Study G. Severe complications of radiofrequency ablation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: an analysis of 3,891 ablations in 2,614 patients. Oncology. 2007; 72: 72–75
  28. Livraghi, T., Meloni, F., Di Stasi, M., Rolle, E., Solbiati, L., Tinelli, C. et al. Sustained complete response and complications rates after radiofrequency ablation of very early hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: Is resection still the treatment of choice?. Hepatology. 2008; 47: 82–89
  29. Rossi, S., Ravetta, V., Rosa, L., Ghittoni, G., Viera, F.T., Garbagnati, F. et al. Repeated radiofrequency ablation for management of patients with cirrhosis with small hepatocellular carcinomas: a long-term cohort study. Hepatology. 2011; 53: 136–147
  30. N'Kontchou, G., Mahamoudi, A., Aout, M., Ganne-Carrie, N., Grando, V., Coderc, E. et al. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term results and prognostic factors in 235 Western patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2009; 50: 1475–1483
  31. Feng, K., Yan, J., Li, X., Xia, F., Ma, K., Wang, S. et al. A randomized controlled trial of radiofrequency ablation and surgical resection in the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2012; 57: 794–802
  32. Bertot, L.C., Sato, M., Tateishi, R., Yoshida, H., and Koike, K. Mortality and complication rates of percutaneous ablative techniques for the treatment of liver tumors: a systematic review. Eur Radiol. 2011; 21: 2584–2596
  33. Seror, O., N'Kontchou, G., Ibraheem, M., Ajavon, Y., Barrucand, C., Ganne, N. et al. Large (>or=5.0-cm) HCCs: multipolar RF ablation with three internally cooled bipolar electrodes–initial experience in 26 patients. Radiology. 2008; 248: 288–296
  34. Park, M.J., Kim, Y.S., Rhim, H., Lim, H.K., Lee, M.W., and Choi, D. A comparison of US-guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of medium-sized hepatocellular carcinoma with a cluster electrode or a single electrode with a multiple overlapping ablation technique. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2011; 22: 771–779
  35. Woo, S., Lee, J.M., Yoon, J.H., Joo, I., Kim, S.H., Lee, J.Y. et al. Small- and medium-sized hepatocellular carcinomas: monopolar radiofrequency ablation with a multiple-electrode switching system-mid-term results. Radiology. 2013; 268: 589–600
  36. Lee, S., Rhim, H., Kim, Y.S., Choi, D., Lee, W.J., Lim, H.K. et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinomas: factors related to intraprocedural and postprocedural pain. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009; 192: 1064–1070
  37. Nakagomi, R., Tateishi, R., Shiina, S., Imamura, J., Fujiwara, N., Asaoka, Y. et al. Drastically reduced neoplastic seeding related to radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014; 109: 774–776
  38. Imamura, J., Tateishi, R., Shiina, S., Goto, E., Sato, T., Ohki, T. et al. Neoplastic seeding after radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008; 103: 3057–3062
  39. Kang, T.W., Rhim, H., Lee, M.W., Kim, Y.S., Choi, D., Lee, W.J. et al. Radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma abutting the diaphragm: comparison of effects of thermal protection and therapeutic efficacy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011; 196: 907–913
  40. Seror, O. Percutaneous hepatic ablation: What needs to be known in 2014. Diagn Interv Imag. 2014; 95: 665–675DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diii.2014.04.002
  41. Choi, D., Lim, H.K., Kim, M.J., Kim, S.J., Kim, S.H., Lee, W.J. et al. Liver abscess after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinomas: frequency and risk factors. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005; 184: 1860–1867
  42. Lencioni, R., Cioni, D., Crocetti, L., Franchini, C., Pina, C.D., Lera, J. et al. Early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: long-term results of percutaneous image-guided radiofrequency ablation. Radiology. 2005; 234: 961–967
  43. Sala, M., Llovet, J.M., Vilana, R., Bianchi, L., Sole, M., Ayuso, C. et al. Initial response to percutaneous ablation predicts survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2004; 40: 1352–1360
  44. Lam, V.W., Ng, K.K., Chok, K.S., Cheung, T.T., Yuen, J., Tung, H. et al. Incomplete ablation after radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of risk factors and prognostic factors. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008; 15: 782–790
  45. Lu, D.S., Yu, N.C., Raman, S.S., Limanond, P., Lassman, C., Murray, K. et al. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment success as defined by histologic examination of the explanted liver. Radiology. 2005; 234: 954–960
  46. Mazzaferro, V., Battiston, C., Perrone, S., Pulvirenti, A., Regalia, E., Romito, R. et al. Radiofrequency ablation of small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients awaiting liver transplantation: a prospective study. Ann Surg. 2004; 240: 900–909
  47. Lam, V.W., Ng, K.K., Chok, K.S., Cheung, T.T., Yuen, J., Tung, H. et al. Risk factors and prognostic factors of local recurrence after radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg. 2008; 207: 20–29
  48. Tateishi, R., Shiina, S., Teratani, T., Obi, S., Sato, S., Koike, Y. et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. An analysis of 1000 Cases. Cancer. 2005; 103: 1201–1209
  49. Okuwaki, Y., Nakazawa, T., Kokubu, S., Hidaka, H., Tanaka, Y., Takada, J. et al. Repeat radiofrequency ablation provides survival benefit in patients with intrahepatic distant recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009; 104: 2747–2753
  50. Shiina, S., Tateishi, R., Arano, T., Uchino, K., Enooku, K., Nakagawa, H. et al. Radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: 10-year outcome and prognostic factors. ([Quiz 578])Am J Gastroenterol. 2012; 107: 569–577
  51. Kim, Y.S., Lim, H.K., Rhim, H., Lee, M.W., Choi, D., Lee, W.J. et al. Ten-year outcomes of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation as first-line therapy of early hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of prognostic factors. J Hepatol. 2013; 58: 89–97
  52. Lencioni, R., Della Pina, C., and Bartolozzi, C. Percutaneous image-guided radiofrequency ablation in the therapeutic management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Abdom Imaging. 2005; 30: 401–408
  53. Francica, G., Saviano, A., De Sio, I., De Matthaeis, N., Brunello, F., Cantamessa, A. et al. Long-term effectiveness of radiofrequency ablation for solitary small hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective analysis of 363 patients. Dig Liver Dis. 2013; 45: 336–341
  54. Brunello, F., Cantamessa, A., Gaia, S., Carucci, P., Rolle, E., Castiglione, A. et al. Radiofrequency ablation: technical and clinical long-term outcomes for single hepatocellular carcinoma up to 30 mm. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013; 25: 842–849
  55. Ahmed, M., Solbiati, L., Brace, C.L., Breen, D.J., Callstrom, M.R., Charboneau, J.W. et al. Image-guided tumor ablation: standardization of terminology and reporting criteria–a 10-year update. Radiology. 2014; 273: 241–260
  56. Lee, D.H., Lee, J.M., Lee, J.Y., Kim, S.H., Yoon, J.H., Kim, Y.J. et al. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma as first-line treatment: long-term results and prognostic factors in 162 patients with cirrhosis. Radiology. 2014; 270: 900–909
  57. Nakazawa, T., Kokubu, S., Shibuya, A., Ono, K., Watanabe, M., Hidaka, H. et al. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation between local tumor progression after ablation and ablative margin. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007; 188: 480–488
  58. Hocquelet, A., Trillaud, H., Frulio, N., Papadopoulos, P., Balageas, P., Salut, C. et al. Three-dimensional measurement of hepatocellular carcinoma ablation zones and margins for predicting local tumor progression. ()J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2016; 27: 1038–1045
  59. Yoshida, S., Kornek, M., Ikenaga, N., Schmelzle, M., Masuzaki, R., Csizmadia, E. et al. Sublethal heat treatment promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and enhances the malignant potential of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2013; 58: 1667–1680
  60. Zhang, N., Wang, L., Chai, Z.T., Zhu, Z.M., Zhu, X.D., Ma, D.N. et al. Incomplete radiofrequency ablation enhances invasiveness and metastasis of residual cancer of hepatocellular carcinoma cell HCCLM3 via activating beta-catenin signaling. PLoS One. 2014; 9: e115949
  61. Dong, S., Kong, J., Kong, F., Kong, J., Gao, J., Ke, S. et al. Insufficient radiofrequency ablation promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through Akt and ERK signaling pathways. J Transl Med. 2013; 11: 273
  62. Lee, D.H., Lee, J.M., Lee, J.Y., Kim, S.H., Kim, J.H., Yoon, J.H. et al. Non-hypervascular hepatobiliary phase hypointense nodules on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI: risk of HCC recurrence after radiofrequency ablation. J Hepatol. 2015; 62: 1122–1130
  63. Imamura, H., Matsuyama, Y., Tanaka, E., Ohkubo, T., Hasegawa, K., Miyagawa, S. et al. Risk factors contributing to early and late phase intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy. J Hepatol. 2003; 38: 200–207
  64. Lencioni, R. Loco-regional treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2010; 52: 762–773
  65. Pompili, M., Saviano, A., de Matthaeis, N., Cucchetti, A., Ardito, F., Federico, B. et al. Long-term effectiveness of resection and radiofrequency ablation for single hepatocellular carcinoma </=3 cm. Results of a multicenter Italian survey. J Hepatol. 2013; 59: 89–97
  66. Majno, P.E., Mentha, G., and Mazzaferro, V. Partial hepatectomy versus radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: confirming the trial that will never be, and some comments on the indications for liver resection. Hepatology. 2010; 51: 1116–1118
  67. Hung, H.H., Chiou, Y.Y., Hsia, C.Y., Su, C.W., Chou, Y.H., Chiang, J.H. et al. Survival rates are comparable after radiofrequency ablation or surgery in patients with small hepatocellular carcinomas. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011; 9: 79–86
  68. Cho, Y.K., Kim, J.K., Kim, W.T., and Chung, J.W. Hepatic resection versus radiofrequency ablation for very early stage hepatocellular carcinoma: a Markov model analysis. Hepatology. 2010; 51: 1284–1290
  69. Lee, Y.H., Hsu, C.Y., Chu, C.W., Liu, P.H., Hsia, C.Y., Huang, Y.H. et al. Radiofrequency ablation is better than surgical resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma within the Milan criteria and preserved liver function: a retrospective study using propensity score analyses. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2015; 49: 242–249
  70. Kang, T.W., Kim, J.M., Rhim, H., Lee, M.W., Kim, Y.S., Lim, H.K. et al. Small hepatocellular carcinoma: radiofrequency ablation versus nonanatomic resection-propensity score analyses of long-term outcomes. Radiology. 2015; 275: 908–919
  71. Huang, G., Chen, X., Lau, W.Y., Shen, F., Wang, R.Y., Yuan, S.X. et al. Quality of life after surgical resection compared with radiofrequency ablation for small hepatocellular carcinomas. Br J Surg. 2014; 101: 1006–1015
  72. Cucchetti, A., Piscaglia, F., Cescon, M., Colecchia, A., Ercolani, G., Bolondi, L. et al. Cost-effectiveness of hepatic resection versus percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for early hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2013; 59: 300–307
  73. Peng, Z.W., Lin, X.J., Zhang, Y.J., Liang, H.H., Guo, R.P., Shi, M. et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus hepatic resection for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas 2 cm or smaller: a retrospective comparative study. Radiology. 2012; 262: 1022–1033
  74. Cadier, B., Bulsei, J., Nahon, P., Seror, O., Laurent, A., Rosa, I. et al. Early detection and curative treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: A cost-effectiveness analysis in France and in the United States. Hepatology. 2017; 65: 1237–1248
  75. Chen, M.S., Li, J.Q., Zheng, Y., Guo, R.P., Liang, H.H., Zhang, Y.Q. et al. A prospective randomized trial comparing percutaneous local ablative therapy and partial hepatectomy for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg. 2006; 243: 321–328
  76. Huang, J., Yan, L., Cheng, Z., Wu, H., Du, L., Wang, J. et al. A randomized trial comparing radiofrequency ablation and surgical resection for HCC conforming to the Milan criteria. Ann Surg. 2010; 252: 903–912
  77. Cucchetti, A., Piscaglia, F., Cescon, M., Serra, C., Colecchia, A., Maroni, L. et al. An explorative data-analysis to support the choice between hepatic resection and radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Liver Dis. 2014; 46: 257–263
  78. Clavien, P.A., Lesurtel, M., Bossuyt, P.M., Gores, G.J., Langer, B., Perrier, A. et al. Recommendations for liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: an international consensus conference report. Lancet Oncol. 2012; 13: e11–e22
  79. Hsu, C.Y., Huang, Y.H., Chiou, Y.Y., Su, C.W., Lin, H.C., Lee, R.C. et al. Comparison of radiofrequency ablation and transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma within the Milan criteria: a propensity score analysis. Liver Transpl. 2011; 17: 556–566
  80. Fuks, D., Cauchy, F., Fusco, G., Paradis, V., Durand, F., and Belghiti, J. Preoperative tumour biopsy does not affect the oncologic course of patients with transplantable HCC. J Hepatol. 2014; 61: 589–593
  81. Lee, M.W., Raman, S.S., Asvadi, N.H., Siripongsakun, S., Hicks, R.M., Chen, J. et al. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma as bridge therapy to liver transplantation: A 10-year intention-to-treat analysis. Hepatology. 2017; 65: 1979–1990
  82. Fontana, R.J., Hamidullah, H., Nghiem, H., Greenson, J.K., Hussain, H., Marrero, J. et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency thermal ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: a safe and effective bridge to liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2002; 8: 1165–1174
  83. Pompili, M., Mirante, V.G., Rondinara, G., Fassati, L.R., Piscaglia, F., Agnes, S. et al. Percutaneous ablation procedures in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma submitted to liver transplantation: Assessment of efficacy at explant analysis and of safety for tumor recurrence. Liver Transpl. 2005; 11: 1117–1126
  84. DuBay, D.A., Sandroussi, C., Kachura, J.R., Ho, C.S., Beecroft, J.R., Vollmer, C.M. et al. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma as a bridge to liver transplantation. HPB. 2011; 13: 24–32
  85. Mazzaferro, V., Regalia, E., Doci, R., Andreola, S., Pulvirenti, A., Bozzetti, F. et al. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334: 693–699
  86. Cherqui, D., Laurent, A., Mocellin, N., Tayar, C., Luciani, A., Van Nhieu, J.T. et al. Liver resection for transplantable hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term survival and role of secondary liver transplantation. Ann Surg. 2009; 250: 738–746
  87. Fuks, D., Dokmak, S., Paradis, V., Diouf, M., Durand, F., and Belghiti, J. Benefit of initial resection of hepatocellular carcinoma followed by transplantation in case of recurrence: an intention-to-treat analysis. Hepatology. 2012; 55: 132–140
  88. N'Kontchou, G., Aout, M., Laurent, A., Nahon, P., Ganne-Carrie, N., Grando, V. et al. Survival after radiofrequency ablation and salvage transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and Child-Pugh A cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2012; 56: 160–166
  89. Ferrer-Fabrega, J., Forner, A., Liccioni, A., Miquel, R., Molina, V., Navasa, M. et al. Prospective validation of ab initio liver transplantation in hepatocellular carcinoma upon detection of risk factors for recurrence after resection. Hepatology. 2016; 63: 839–849
  90. Scatton, O., Zalinski, S., Terris, B., Lefevre, J.H., Casali, A., Massault, P.P. et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma developed on compensated cirrhosis: resection as a selection tool for liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2008; 14: 779–788
  91. Poon, R.T., Lau, C., Pang, R., Ng, K.K., Yuen, J., and Fan, S.T. High serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels predict poor prognosis after radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: importance of tumor biomarker in ablative therapies. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007; 14: 1835–1845
  92. Ziol, M., Sutton, A., Calderaro, J., Barget, N., Aout, M., Leroy, V. et al. ESM-1 expression in stromal cells is predictive of recurrence after radiofrequency ablation in early hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2013; 59: 1264–1270
  93. Tsuchiya, K., Komuta, M., Yasui, Y., Tamaki, N., Hosokawa, T., Ueda, K. et al. Expression of keratin 19 is related to high recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after radiofrequency ablation. Oncology. 2011; 80: 278–288
  94. Dal Bello, B., Rosa, L., Campanini, N., Tinelli, C., Torello Viera, F., D'Ambrosio, G. et al. Glutamine synthetase immunostaining correlates with pathologic features of hepatocellular carcinoma and better survival after radiofrequency thermal ablation. Clin Cancer Res. 2010; 16: 2157–2166
  95. Nault, J.C., De Reynies, A., Villanueva, A., Calderaro, J., Rebouissou, S., Couchy, G. et al. A hepatocellular carcinoma 5-gene score associated with survival of patients after liver resection. Gastroenterology. 2013; 145: 176–187
  96. Hoshida, Y., Villanueva, A., Kobayashi, M., Peix, J., Chiang, D.Y., Camargo, A. et al. Gene expression in fixed tissues and outcome in hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2008; 359: 1995–2004
  97. Leoni, S., Piscaglia, F., Serio, I., Terzi, E., Pettinari, I., Croci, L. et al. Adherence to AASLD guidelines for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in clinical practice: experience of the Bologna Liver Oncology Group. Dig Liver Dis. 2014; 46: 549–555
  98. Charriere, B., Muscari, F., Maulat, C., Bournet, B., Bonnet, D., Bureau, C. et al. Outcomes of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma are determined in multidisciplinary team meetings. J Surg Oncol. 2017; 115: 330–336
  99. Kim, J.E., Kim, Y.S., Rhim, H., Lim, H.K., Lee, M.W., Choi, D. et al. Outcomes of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma referred for percutaneous radiofrequency ablation at a tertiary center: analysis focused on the feasibility with the use of ultrasonography guidance. Eur J Radiol. 2011; 79: e80–e84
  100. Teratani, T., Yoshida, H., Shiina, S., Obi, S., Sato, S., Tateishi, R. et al. Radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma in so-called high-risk locations. Hepatology. 2006; 43: 1101–1108
  101. Kondo, Y., Yoshida, H., Shiina, S., Tateishi, R., Teratani, T., and Omata, M. Artificial ascites technique for percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of liver cancer adjacent to the gastrointestinal tract. Br J Surg. 2006; 93: 1277–1282
  102. Kang, T.W., Lim, H.K., Lee, M.W., Kim, Y.S., Choi, D., and Rhim, H. Perivascular versus nonperivascular small HCC treated with percutaneous RF ablation: retrospective comparison of long-term therapeutic outcomes. Radiology. 2014; 270: 888–899
  103. Kang, T.W., Lim, H.K., Lee, M.W., Kim, Y.S., Rhim, H., Lee, W.J. et al. Long-term therapeutic outcomes of radiofrequency ablation for subcapsular versus nonsubcapsular hepatocellular carcinoma: a propensity score matched study. Radiology. 2016; 280: 300–312
  104. Afdhal, N.H., Giannini, E.G., Tayyab, G., Mohsin, A., Lee, J.W., Andriulli, A. et al. Eltrombopag before procedures in patients with cirrhosis and thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med. 2012; 367: 716–724
  105. Hoffmann, R., Rempp, H., Schmidt, D., Pereira, P.L., Claussen, C.D., and Clasen, S. Prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with bilioenteric anastomosis undergoing percutaneous radiofrequency ablation. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2012; 23: 545–551
  106. Song, I., Rhim, H., Lim, H.K., Kim, Y.S., and Choi, D. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma abutting the diaphragm and gastrointestinal tracts with the use of artificial ascites: safety and technical efficacy in 143 patients. Eur Radiol. 2009; 19: 2630–2640
  107. Masuzaki, R., Shiina, S., Tateishi, R., Yoshida, H., Goto, E., Sugioka, Y. et al. Utility of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with Sonazoid in radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011; 26: 759–764
  108. Mauri, G., Cova, L., De Beni, S., Ierace, T., Tondolo, T., Cerri, A. et al. Real-time US-CT/MRI image fusion for guidance of thermal ablation of liver tumors undetectable with US: results in 295 cases. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2015; 38: 143–151
  109. Granito, A. and Bolondi, L. Non-transplant therapies for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and Child-Pugh-Turcotte class B cirrhosis. Lancet Oncol. 2017; 18: e101–e112
  110. Dai, W.C., Cheung, T.T., Chok, K.S., Chan, A.C., Sharr, W.W., Tsang, S.H. et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable solitary hepatocellular carcinomas sized 5–8 cm. HPB. 2015; 17: 226–231
  111. Liu, Y., Zheng, Y., Li, S., Li, B., Zhang, Y., and Yuan, Y. Percutaneous microwave ablation of larger hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Radiol. 2013; 68: 21–26
  112. Zhang, N.N., Lu, W., Cheng, X.J., Liu, J.Y., Zhou, Y.H., and Li, F. High-powered microwave ablation of larger hepatocellular carcinoma: evaluation of recurrence rate and factors related to recurrence. Clin Radiol. 2015; 70: 1237–1243
  113. Abdelaziz, A.O., Nabeel, M.M., Elbaz, T.M., Shousha, H.I., Hassan, E.M., Mahmoud, S.H. et al. Microwave ablation versus transarterial chemoembolization in large hepatocellular carcinoma: prospective analysis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2015; 50: 479–484
  114. Lin, C.C., Cheng, Y.T., Chen, M.W., and Lin, S.M. The effectiveness of multiple electrode radiofrequency ablation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma with lesions more than 3 cm in size and barcelona clinic liver cancer stage A to B2. Liver Cancer. 2016; 5: 8–20
  115. Kariyama, K., Wakuta, A., Nishimura, M., Kishida, M., Oonishi, A., Ohyama, A. et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncology. 2015; 89: 19–26
  116. Zhang, W., Jiang, L., Yan, L., Yang, J., Li, B., Wen, T. et al. Radiofrequency ablation for HCC patients with multifocal tumours meeting the Milan criteria: A single-centre experience. Dig Liver Dis. 2016; 48: 1485–1491
  117. Ma, S., Ding, M., Li, J., Wang, T., Qi, X., Shi, Y. et al. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous microwave ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: clinical outcomes and prognostic factors. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2017; 143: 131–142
  118. Pan, T., Xie, Q.K., Lv, N., Li, X.S., Mu, L.W., Wu, P.H. et al. Percutaneous CT-guided radiofrequency ablation for lymph node oligometastases from hepatocellular carcinoma: a propensity score-matching analysis. Radiology. 2017; 282: 259–270
  119. Hasegawa, T., Yamakado, K., Nakatsuka, A., Uraki, J., Yamanaka, T., Fujimori, M. et al. Unresectable adrenal metastases: clinical outcomes of radiofrequency ablation. Radiology. 2015; 277: 584–593
  120. Hiraki, T., Yamakado, K., Ikeda, O., Matsuoka, T., Kaminou, T., Yamagami, T. et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for pulmonary metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma: results of a multicenter study in Japan. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2011; 22: 741–748
  121. Li, X., Wang, J., Li, W., Huang, Z., Fan, W., Chen, Y. et al. Percutaneous CT-guided radiofrequency ablation for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma pulmonary metastases. Int J Hyperthermia. 2012; 28: 721–728
  122. Doreille, A., N'Kontchou, G., Halimi, A., Bouhafs, F., Coderc, E., Sellier, N. et al. Percutaneous treatment of extrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Diagn Interv Imag. 2016; 97: 1117–1123
  123. Llovet, J.M., Ricci, S., Mazzaferro, V., Hilgard, P., Gane, E., Blanc, J.F. et al. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2008; 359: 378–390
  124. Bruix, J., Qin, S., Merle, P., Granito, A., Huang, Y.H., Bodoky, G. et al. Regorafenib for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who progressed on sorafenib treatment (RESORCE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2017; 389: 56–66
  125. Giorgio, A., de Stefano, G., Di Sarno, A., Farella, N., Giorgio, V., Scognamiglio, U. et al. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma extended into the portal vein: Preliminary results. J Ultrasound. 2009; 12: 32–37
  126. Nault, J.C., Nkontchou, G., Nahon, P., Grando, V., Bourcier, V., Barge, S. et al. Percutaneous treatment of localized infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma developing on cirrhosis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016; 23: 1906–1915
  127. Lee, J.Y., Kim, Y.H., Roh, Y.H., Roh, K.B., Kim, K.W., Kang, S.H. et al. Intraoperative radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma in 112 patients with cirrhosis: a surgeon's view. Ann Surg Treat Res. 2016; 90: 147–156
  128. Giorgio, A., Calisti, G., Montesarchio, L., Scognamiglio, U., Matteucci, P., Coppola, C. et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma invading portal venous system in cirrhosis: long-term results of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of both the nodule and portal vein tumor thrombus. A case control study. Anticancer Res. 2014; 34: 6785–6790
  129. Chang, W., Lee, J.M., Yoon, J.H., Lee, D.H., Lee, S.M., Lee, K.B. et al. No-touch radiofrequency ablation using multiple electrodes: An in vivo comparison study of switching monopolar versus switching bipolar modes in porcine livers. PLoS One. 2017; 12: e0176350
  130. Seror, O., N'Kontchou, G., Nault, J.C., Rabahi, Y., Nahon, P., Ganne-Carrie, N. et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma within milan criteria: no-touch multibipolar radiofrequency ablation for treatment-long-term results. Radiology. 2016; 280: 611–621
  131. Cartier, V., Boursier, J., Lebigot, J., Oberti, F., Fouchard-Hubert, I., and Aube, C. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: Mono or multipolar?. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016; 31: 654–660
  132. Patel, P.A., Ingram, L., Wilson, I.D., and Breen, D.J. No-touch wedge ablation technique of microwave ablation for the treatment of subcapsular tumors in the liver. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2013; 24: 1257–1262
  133. Hocquelet, A., Aube, C., Rode, A., Cartier, V., Sutter, O., Manichon, A.F. et al. Comparison of no-touch multi-bipolar vs. monopolar radiofrequency ablation for small HCC. J Hepatol. 2017; 66: 67–74
  134. Dong, B., Liang, P., Yu, X., Su, L., Yu, D., Cheng, Z. et al. Percutaneous sonographically guided microwave coagulation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: results in 234 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003; 180: 1547–1555
  135. Ohmoto, K., Yoshioka, N., Tomiyama, Y., Shibata, N., Kawase, T., Yoshida, K. et al. Comparison of therapeutic effects between radiofrequency ablation and percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy for small hepatocellular carcinomas. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009; 24: 223–227
  136. Lu, M.D., Xu, H.X., Xie, X.Y., Yin, X.Y., Chen, J.W., Kuang, M. et al. Percutaneous microwave and radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective comparative study. J Gastroenterol. 2005; 40: 1054–1060
  137. Shibata, T., Iimuro, Y., Yamamoto, Y., Maetani, Y., Ametani, F., Itoh, K. et al. Small hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of radio-frequency ablation and percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy. Radiology. 2002; 223: 331–337
  138. Abdelaziz, A., Elbaz, T., Shousha, H.I., Mahmoud, S., Ibrahim, M., Abdelmaksoud, A. et al. Efficacy and survival analysis of percutaneous radiofrequency versus microwave ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: an Egyptian multidisciplinary clinic experience. Surg Endosc. 2014; 28: 3429–3434
  139. Ding, J., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., Jing, X., Wang, F., Wang, Y. et al. Percutaneous microwave ablation of exophytic tumours in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Liver Int. 2017; 37: 1365–1372DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.13426
  140. Zhang, L., Wang, N., Shen, Q., Cheng, W., and Qian, G.J. Therapeutic efficacy of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation versus microwave ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One. 2013; 8: e76119
  141. Ding, J., Jing, X., Liu, J., Wang, Y., Wang, F., Wang, Y. et al. Comparison of two different thermal techniques for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Radiol. 2013; 82: 1379–1384
  142. Liang, P., Wang, Y., Yu, X., and Dong, B. Malignant liver tumors: treatment with percutaneous microwave ablation–complications among cohort of 1136 patients. Radiology. 2009; 251: 933–940
  143. Dollinger, M., Beyer, L.P., Haimerl, M., Niessen, C., Jung, E.M., Zeman, F. et al. Adverse effects of irreversible electroporation of malignant liver tumors under CT fluoroscopic guidance: a single-center experience. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2015; 21: 471–475
  144. Cheng, R.G., Bhattacharya, R., Yeh, M.M., and Padia, S.A. Irreversible electroporation can effectively ablate hepatocellular carcinoma to complete pathologic necrosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2015; 26: 1184–1188
  145. Niessen, C., Thumann, S., Beyer, L., Pregler, B., Kramer, J., Lang, S. et al. Percutaneous Irreversible Electroporation: Long-term survival analysis of 71 patients with inoperable malignant hepatic tumors. Sci Rep. 2017; 7: 43687
  146. Zeng, J., Liu, G., Li, Z.H., Yang, Y., Fang, G., Li, R.R. et al. The safety and efficacy of irreversible electroporation for large hepatocellular carcinoma. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2017; 16: 120–124
  147. Niessen, C., Igl, J., Pregler, B., Beyer, L., Noeva, E., Dollinger, M. et al. Factors associated with short-term local recurrence of liver cancer after percutaneous ablation using irreversible electroporation: a prospective single-center study. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2015; 26: 694–702
  148. Bhutiani, N., Philips, P., Scoggins, C.R., McMasters, K.M., Potts, M.H., and Martin, R.C. Evaluation of tolerability and efficacy of irreversible electroporation (IRE) in treatment of Child-Pugh B (7/8) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HPB. 2016; 18: 593–599
  149. Sutter, O., Calvo, J., N'Kontchou, G., Nault, J.C., Ourabia, R., Nahon, P. et al. Safety and efficacy of irreversible electroporation for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma not amenable to thermal ablation techniques: a retrospective single-center case series. Radiology. 2017; 161413
  150. Song, K.D. Percutaneous cryoablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2016; 22: 509–515
  151. Huang, Y.Z., Zhou, S.C., Zhou, H., and Tong, M. Radiofrequency ablation versus cryosurgery ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Hepatogastroenterology. 2013; 60: 1131–1135
  152. Pearson, A.S., Izzo, F., Fleming, R.Y., Ellis, L.M., Delrio, P., Roh, M.S. et al. Intraoperative radiofrequency ablation or cryoablation for hepatic malignancies. Am J Surg. 1999; 178: 592–599
  153. Tait, I.S., Yong, S.M., and Cuschieri, S.A. Laparoscopic in situ ablation of liver cancer with cryotherapy and radiofrequency ablation. Br J Surg. 2002; 89: 1613–1619
  154. Adam, R., Hagopian, E.J., Linhares, M., Krissat, J., Savier, E., Azoulay, D. et al. A comparison of percutaneous cryosurgery and percutaneous radiofrequency for unresectable hepatic malignancies. ([Discussion 1340])Arch Surg. 2002; 137: 1332–1339
  155. Rong, G., Bai, W., Dong, Z., Wang, C., Lu, Y., Zeng, Z. et al. Long-term outcomes of percutaneous cryoablation for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma within Milan criteria. PLoS One. 2015; 10: e0123065
  156. Wang, C., Wang, H., Yang, W., Hu, K., Xie, H., Hu, K.Q. et al. Multicenter randomized controlled trial of percutaneous cryoablation versus radiofrequency ablation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2015; 61: 1579–1590
  157. Takaki, H., Yamakado, K., Uraki, J., Nakatsuka, A., Fuke, H., Yamamoto, N. et al. Radiofrequency ablation combined with chemoembolization for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas larger than 5 cm. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2009; 20: 217–224
  158. Kim, J.H., Won, H.J., Shin, Y.M., Kim, S.H., Yoon, H.K., Sung, K.B. et al. Medium-sized (3.1-5.0 cm) hepatocellular carcinoma: transarterial chemoembolization plus radiofrequency ablation versus radiofrequency ablation alone. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011; 18: 1624–1629
  159. Wang, W., Shi, J., and Xie, W.F. Transarterial chemoembolization in combination with percutaneous ablation therapy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Liver Int. 2010; 30: 741–749
  160. Tang, C., Shen, J., Feng, W., Bao, Y., Dong, X., Dai, Y. et al. Combination therapy of radiofrequency ablation and transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study. Medicine. 2016; 95: e3754
  161. Xie, H., Wang, H., An, W., Ma, W., Qi, R., Yang, B. et al. The efficacy of radiofrequency ablation combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for primary hepatocellular carcinoma in a cohort of 487 patients. PLoS One. 2014; 9: e89081
  162. Peng, Z.W., Zhang, Y.J., Liang, H.H., Lin, X.J., Guo, R.P., and Chen, M.S. Recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sequential transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and RF ablation versus RF ablation alone: a prospective randomized trial. Radiology. 2012; 262: 689–700
  163. Shibata, T., Isoda, H., Hirokawa, Y., Arizono, S., Shimada, K., and Togashi, K. Small hepatocellular carcinoma: is radiofrequency ablation combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization more effective than radiofrequency ablation alone for treatment?. Radiology. 2009; 252: 905–913
  164. Peng, Z.W., Zhang, Y.J., Chen, M.S., Xu, L., Liang, H.H., Lin, X.J. et al. Radiofrequency ablation with or without transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 2013; 31: 426–432
  165. Bruix, J., Takayama, T., Mazzaferro, V., Chau, G.Y., Yang, J., Kudo, M. et al. Adjuvant sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma after resection or ablation (STORM): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015; 16: 1344–1354
  166. Topalian, S.L., Drake, C.G., and Pardoll, D.M. Immune checkpoint blockade: a common denominator approach to cancer therapy. Cancer Cell. 2015; 27: 450–461
  167. Bian, H., Zheng, J.S., Nan, G., Li, R., Chen, C., Hu, C.X. et al. Randomized trial of metuximab in treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014; 106
  168. Duffy, A.G., Ulahannan, S.V., Makorova-Rusher, O., Rahma, O., Wedemeyer, H., Pratt, D. et al. Tremelimumab in combination with ablation in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2017; 66: 545–551
†This author was the recipient of the EASL Young Investigators’ Award 2017.
© 2017 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

LITT, TACE, BCAA, aminozuren, primaire leverkanker, HCC, overall overleving, recidief, herstel lever na operatie of RFA of TACE, TCM - Traditionele Chinese Kruiden


Plaats een reactie ...

Reageer op "Ablatietechnieken: Wanneer kan RFA of IRE / Nanoknife of Microwave of Tace + LITT of combinaties ervan het beste worden toegepast bij levertumoren?"


Gerelateerde artikelen
 

Gerelateerde artikelen

ESMO 2024: aanbevolen abstracten >> Ablatietechnieken: Wanneer >> Chemo: Regorafenib na progressie >> HAIC - Hepatische Arteriële >> HIFU - High Dose Focused Ultrasound >> Histotripsy, een vorm van >> Immuuntherapie met anti-PD >> Interferonvrij, direct werkend >> Intra-arteriele I-lipiodol >> Nanotherapie in combinatie >>