Acknowledgements
This work used the computational facilities of the Advanced Computing Research Centre, University of Bristol (http://www.bristol.ac.uk/acrc/). We want to acknowledge the participants and investigators of the FinnGen study. The breast cancer genome-wide association analyses were supported by the Government of Canada through Genome Canada and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the “Ministère de l’Économie, de la Science et de l’Innovation du Québec” through Genome Québec and grant PSR-SIIRI-701, the National Institutes of Health (U19 CA148065, X01HG007492), Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10118, C1287/A16563, C1287/A10710), and the European Union (HEALTH-F2-2009-223175 and H2020 633784 and 634935). All studies and funders are listed in Michailidou et al. (Nature, 2017). Data on glycemic traits were contributed by MAGIC investigators and downloaded from www.magicinvestigators.org. The authors would like to thank the participants of the many studies from which data were used in this analysis, including GECCO, CCFR, CORECT, BCAC, ECAC, OCAC, UK Biobank, FinnGen, Twin Study, MAGIC, DECODE, and BEACON.
Author Contributions
Emma Hazelwood (Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing), Lucy J. Goudswaard (Methodology, Writing—review & editing), Matthew A. Lee (Methodology, Software, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing), Marina Vabistsevits (Methodology, Writing—review & editing), Dimitri Pournaras (Writing—review & editing), Hermann Brenner (Data curation, Writing—review & editing), Daniel D. Buchanan (Data curation, Writing—review & editing), Stephen B. Gruber (Data curation, Writing—review & editing), Andrea Gsur (Data curation, Writing—review & editing), Li Li (Data curation, Writing—review & editing), Ludmila Vodickova (Data curation, Writing—review & editing), Robert C. Grant (Data curation, Writing—review & editing), N. Jewel Samadder (Data curation, Writing—review & editing), Nicholas J. Timpson (Methodology, Writing—review & editing), Marc J. Gunter (Methodology, Writing—review & editing), Benjamin Schuster-Boeckler (Writing—review & editing), James Yarmolinsky (Methodology, Writing—review & editing), Tom G. Richardson (Writing—review & editing), Heinz Freisling (Methodology, Writing—review & editing), Neil Murphy (Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing), and Emma E. Vincent (Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing)
Supplementary Material
Supplementary material is available at Journal of the National Cancer Institute online.
Funding
E.H. is supported by a Cancer Research UK Population Research Committee Studentship (C18281/A30905), the CRUK Integrative Cancer Epidemiology Programme (C18281/A29019), and is part of the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, which is supported by the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00032/03) and the University of Bristol. L.V. acknowledges support from Czech Health Research Council by project NU21-03-00145. L.J.G. is supported by a Cancer Research UK 25 (C18281/A29019) program grant (the Integrative Cancer Epidemiology Programme). N.T. is supported by Cancer Research UK (PRCPJT-May22\100028) and is also part of the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, which is supported by the Medical Research Council. E.E.V. is supported by the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF UK), as part of the World Cancer Research Fund International grant program (IIG_FULL_2024_029). H.F. acknowledges support from the French National Cancer Institute (INCa_19794). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Conflict of Interest
Tom G. Richardson is employed full-time by GlaxoSmithKline outside of the research presented in this article. Where authors are identified as personnel of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, the authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article, and they do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy, or views of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization. This article is the result of the scientific work of Neil Murphy while he was affiliated at IARC. Robert C. Grant received a graduate scholarship from Pfizer and provided consulting or advisory roles for AstraZeneca, Tempus, Eisai, Incyte, Knight Therapeutics, Guardant Health, and Ipsen. Dimitri J. Pournaras has been funded by the Royal College of Surgeons of England. He receives consulting fees from Johnson & Johnson, Novo Nordisk, GSK, Sandoz, and Pfizer and payments for lectures, presentations, and educational events from Johnson & Johnson, Medtronic, and Novo Nordisk.
Disclaimer
Where authors are identified as personnel of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, the authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article, and they do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy, or views of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization.
Data Availability
The sources for all GWAS data used in this study are listed in Table S1. The data underlying this article are available in the article and in its online supplementary material. All GWAS data generated are available in the GWAS catalog (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/), under study IDs GCST90570370-GCST90570374.
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Author notes
© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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