9 februari 2020: lees ook dit artikel:
9 februari 2020: wellicht is deze meta-analyse interessant eens te raadplegen: Efficacy and safety of osimertinib in treating EGFR‐mutated advanced NSCLC: A meta‐analysis
Abstract staat onderaan artikel:
13 augustus 2018: Bron: JAMA Oncol. Published online August 2, 2018
Osimertinib is een zogeheten EGFR medicijn, een gericht medicijn (targeted therapy), gericht met name op bepaalde EGFR mutaties bij niet-kleincellige longkanker. EGFR medicijnen kunnen bij patiënten met de juiste mutatie vaak voor beduidend langere progressievrije ziekte zorgen. Maar vaak ook treedt bij EGFR medicijnen snel resistentie op. (zie bv dit studierapport over osimertinib: Treating EGFR mutation resistance in non-small cell lung cancer – role of osimertinib (Abstract staat onderaan artikel)
Dit zijn de bekendste EGFR-TKI medicijnen die dus vaak al snel resistentie vertonen en dus ook bij osimertinib:
En dit zijn de meest voorkomende mutaties bij resistentie tegen een EGFR-TKI:
Zo ook wordt dus osimertinib ingezet bij niet-kleincellige longkanker. Uit een heel specifieke studie blijkt nu dat met het verdwijnen van een bepaalde EGFR mutatie, de EGFR T790M mutatie, er snel resistentie ontstaat en ook nieuwe andere mutaties ontstaan. (zie schema hierboven)
Conclusie uit de reviewstudie:
Optredende resistentie is een van de belangrijkste beperkingen bij de behandeling van longkanker. Ondanks een eerste effectieve behandeling voor gerichte behandelingen, worden nagenoeg alle patiënten op een bepaald moment ongevoelig voor hun medicatie. Identificatie van mechanismen die betrokken zijn bij resistentie tegen geneesmiddelen is dus essentieel om de beste behandelstrategie voor elke patiënt op maat te maken (personalised medicin. Dit is de reden waarom identificatie van biomarkers moet worden aangemoedigd en een geschikt weefselmonster of plasmabepaling essentieel is voor biologische karakterisering. Falen van momenteel beschikbare gerichte behandelingen suggereert dat 1 enkel middel mogelijk niet voldoende is om resistentie tegen geneesmiddelen te overwinnen. Nieuwe strategieën, inclusief combinatiebehandelingen, worden momenteel onderzocht om nieuwe behandelmogelijkheden te identificeren.
Het belangrijkste uit de studie met patiënten die osimertinib gebruikten was het volgende:
In deze cohortstudie van 143 patiënten met gevorderde niet-kleincellige longkanker (NSCLC) waarbij na een behandeling een nieuw receptoren- en genenonderzoek werd gedaan (tumorsequentiëring van de volgende generatie), was het verdwijnen van de EGFR T790M-mutatie heel vaak te zien in relatie tot resistentie tegen osimertinib en werd geassocieerd met vroegtijdig falen van de behandeling en de ontwikkeling van een reeks andere mutaties (resistentiemechanismen), waarvan sommige werden verwacht (MET amplification, small cell transformation) en sommige nieuwe (acquired KRAS mutations, targetable gene fusions) zich voordeden. Vroege veranderingen in plasma EGFR-mutatie niveaus kunnen wijzen op waarschijnlijke resistentiepatronen / mechanismes.
De onderzoekers pleiten dan ook voor betere strategieën voor het detecteren van meerdere coëxistente resistentiemechanismen en daarop gerichte behandelingen zullen nodig zijn om een meer duurzame beheersing van resistentie tegen geneesmiddelen bij EGFR-mutante longkanker te bereiken.
Het volledige studierapport: Assessment of Resistance Mechanisms and Clinical Implications in Patients With EGFR T790M–Positive Lung Cancer and Acquired Resistance to Osimertinib is tegen betaling of registratie bij JAMA in te zien.
Hier het abstract van de studie:
Loss of EGFR T790M Mutation Is Associated With Early Treatment Failure and Development of Resistance to Osimertinib
Osimertinib has been approved for treatment of advanced EGFRT790M+ mutation NSCLC following progression on a prior EGFR-TKI. Occurrence of acquired resistance to osimertinib represents an urgent need for additional strategies including combination with other agents, such as other targeted therapies or checkpoint inhibitors, or development of new and more potent compounds.
Treating EGFR mutation resistance in non-small cell lung cancer – role of osimertinib
Authors Mazza V, Cappuzzo F
Received 8 February 2017
Accepted for publication 6 May 2017
Published 26 July 2017 Volume 2017:10 Pages 49—56
DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/TACG.S103471
Checked for plagiarism Yes
Review by Single-blind
Peer reviewers approved by Dr Akshita Wason
Peer reviewer comments 2
Editor who approved publication: Prof. Dr. Martin H. Maurer
Valentina Mazza,1 Federico Cappuzzo1,2
1Department of Oncology-Hematology, 2Department of Medical Oncology, AUSL Romagna, Ravenna, Italy
Abstract: The discovery of mutations in EGFR significantly changed the treatment paradigm of patients with EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a particular group of patients with different clinical characteristics and outcome to EGFR-wild-type patients. In these patients, the treatment of choice as first-line therapy is first- or second-generation EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs), such as gefitinib, erlotinib, or afatinib. Inevitably, after the initial response, all patients become refractory to these drugs. The most common mechanism of acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs is the development of a second mutation in exon 20 of EGFR (T790M). Osimertinib is a third-generation EGFR-TKI designed for overcoming T790M-mediated resistance. Based on the results of efficacy and tolerability of Phase II and Phase III studies, osimertinib has been approved for treatment of advanced EGFRT790M+ mutation NSCLC following progression on a prior EGFR-TKI. Occurrence of acquired resistance to osimertinib represents an urgent need for additional strategies including combination with other agents, such as other targeted therapies or checkpoint inhibitors, or development of new and more potent compounds.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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Generally, osimertinib is a favorable treatment option for previously treated T790M mutation‐positive advanced NSCLC as well as a preferable therapy for untreated EGFR mutation‐positive advanced NSCLC. Additionally, osimertinib is well tolerated by most patients.
Efficacy and safety of osimertinib in treating EGFR‐mutated advanced NSCLC: A meta‐analysis
Associated Data
Abstract
Osimertinib is the only Food and Drug Administration‐approved third‐generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine‐kinase inhibitor (TKI). A meta‐analysis was performed to aggregate the mixed results of published clinical trials to assess the efficacy and safety of osimertinib. A systematic search of the PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library electronic databases was performed to identify eligible literature. The primary endpoints were overall response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), progression‐free survival (PFS), and adverse events (AEs). A total of 3,086 advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients from 11 studies have been identified. The aggregate efficacy parameters for treatment‐naïve patients with EGFR‐TKI‐sensitizing mutations are as follows: ORR 79% (95% CI 75–84%), DCR 97% (95% CI 95–99%), 6‐month PFS 83% (95% CI 80–87%), and 12‐month PFS 64% (95% CI 59–69%). The aggregate efficacy parameters for advanced NSCLC harboring T790M mutations after earlier‐generation EGFR‐TKI therapy are as follows: ORR 58% (95% CI 46–71%), DCR 80% (95% CI 63–98%), 6‐month PFS 63% (95% CI 58–69%), and 12‐month PFS 32% (95% CI 17–47%). EGFR‐TKI‐naïve patients with EGFR‐positive mutations tend to have longer median PFS than EGFR‐TKI‐pretreated counterparts (19.17 vs
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