5. Conclusions
In conclusion, this study suggests that the moderate consumption of coffee, particularly caffeinated coffee (range 1–6.5 cups per day), is associated with a lower all-cause and cancer mortality after a long follow-up period. These findings are consistent with previous studies, although they add new evidence from a Mediterranean adult population. Thus, coffee consumption could be promoted as part of a healthy Mediterranean lifestyle, although further long-term longitudinal studies collecting information on the amount and type of coffee should add valuable information regarding its beneficial effects.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the VNS participants for their valuable contribution to this research. We appreciate the English revision of the manuscript made by Jessica Gorlin.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, J.V. and M.G.-d.l.H.; formal analysis, L.T.-C.; data curation, L.T.-C. and J.V.; writing—original draft preparation, L.T.-C.; writing—review and editing, L.T.-C., L.M.C.-G., S.G.-P., L.N.-B., and A.O.-C.; supervision, J.V. and M.G.-d.l.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
The VNS study was supported by a grant from the Dirección General de Salud Pública, Generalitat Valenciana 1994 and the Fondo Investigacion Sanitaria (FIS 00/0985). This study has also received support from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III and FEDER funds (FIS PI13/00654).
Institutional Review Board Statement
The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the local Ethical Committees of the Hospital of San Juan and the Miguel Hernandez University.
Informed Consent Statement
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
Data Availability Statement
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to confidentiality and ethical reasons.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
Footnotes
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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